ABSTRACT
Background: In India, cervical cancer is the second‑leading cause of cancer incidence among women. Socioeconomic factors play a vital role in cervical cancer survival. Objectives: This study assessed the role of education and income on disparities in time‑to‑treatment initiation (TTI) and its impact on cervical cancer survival. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective facility‑based record study conducted among newly treated cervical cancer patients registered in a tertiary medical care center in Mumbai between 2014 and 2016. Adjusted hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval was reported. Results: In total, 1947 cervical cancer patients with a mean age of 52.89 (±10.55) years were included. The average number of days for TTI among highly educated patients was 27 versus 35 days for patients with no formal education. An increasing trend in survival was observed as education levels shift from no formal to higher education category (75.54%, 77.30%, and 85.10%, P = 0.01). All cause mortality was lower in cervical cancer patients with secondary education and above than illiterates (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.63, P < 0.01), among those with higher income (HR = 0.78, P = 0.04) than lower income and among who started on treatment within 30 days (HR = 0.90, P = 0.29) than patients who started treated after 30 days. Conclusions: Inferior survival is found for cervical cancer patients with lower education and income and who initiated treatment after 30 days. Hence, it is important to improve awareness and screening activities, especially among the lower socioeconomic groups, for early diagnosis and better treatment outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Background:Herbal ingredients have been a part of human life since ancient times when they relied upon only the plants and their products for curing ailments. There is vast research on the efficacy of Ayurveda in curing diseases. However need is felt regarding extensive studies on the usage of such historic natural products in oral health care and especially in endodontics. One of the important factors for successful root canal treatment is complete eradication of microbes, which require efficient bio-mechanical preparation of root canal system. There are variety of chemical based solutions available for the purpose of endodontic irrigation. Due to various safety concerns including oral and peri-radicular toxicity, there is the need for such solutions which can be usedas their alternative. In recent years, there has been a profound increase in the literature and research regarding the use of herbal solutions as endodontic irrigants. This article aims at providing a comprehensive overview about various herbal solutions that can be used in endodontic treatment.
ABSTRACT
The onset of stool passage, timing of transition to yellow stools and the pattern of stooling frequency over the first 4 weeks were studied in infants < 1500 g at birth. The time of passage of the first stool (median, 19) correlated with birth weight and gestational age but not with presence or severity of respiratory distress; fourteen percent passed stool after 1st 48 hours. Transition to yellow occurred at 17.6 +/- 6.4 days and was related to the onset of feeding and birth weight. Stooling frequency was similar in Wk 2 as Wk 1, increased in Wk 3 and plateaued on Wk 4. Volume of feeding/day increased each week over that of preceding week but stooling frequency was not related to the increased volume or any of the other variables.