Health behaviour and quality of life of patients with Type 2 diabetes attending selected hospitals in South Western Nigeria / Comportamiento hacia la salud y calidad de vida de los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 que asisten a hospitales seleccionados en Nigeria Sudoccidental

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that affects patients 'general health and well-being in various ways. Modification of lifestyle is essential in preventing Type 2 diabetes including its secondary complications. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the profile, health behaviour and quality of life of patients presenting with Type 2 diabetes and attending the diabetic clinics of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State and the Ring Road State Hospital, Ibadan. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A total of 100 diabetic patients aged between 40 and 85 years participated in this study. Their physical activity levels were determined by using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); quality of life (QOL) was assessed using the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) Inventory questionnaire and alcohol and smoking status as well as nutrition patterns were assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking and Nutrition Questionnaire (ASNQ). Age, gender, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip-ratio and blood pressure were also reported. Data were presented using descriptive statistics ofmean, standard deviation, percentages and are presented in figures and tables. RESULTS: Results showed that most of the participants were overweight and/or obese with 62% having a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m². About 78% of females showed a waist circumference of > 88 cm while 48% of the male participants had a > 92 cm waist circumference. Ninety-seven per cent of the female participants had a waist-hip ratio above 0.85 while 32% of the males had above 1.0 waist-hip ratio. Using the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) classification for hypertension, 49% of the participants were found to be at stages 1 and 2 hypertension by systolic blood pressure while 43% of the participants were at stages 1 and 2 hypertension by diastolic blood pressure. Sixty-two per cent ofthe participants revealed a low physical activity level, 34% had a moderate physical activity level while 4% had a high physical activity level. All the participants indicated that they neither consumed alcohol nor smoked at the time of the study. Thirty-four per cent of the participants had adequate quantities of fruit, 31% of them also consumed an adequate quantity of legumes and 73% of them ate an adequate quantity offish per week. Fifty-eight per cent of the participants took less quantities of salt with their food as compared to their peers while 95% of the participants did not add sugar to their food; 79% of them preferred their food boiled. The mean score of the participants' QOL was 31.85 ± 7.98 out of a total score of 75. The QOL as reported by the participants thus indicated a fairly good quality of life. CONCLUSION: Patients with Type 2 diabetes were generally found to be overweight, obese, sedentary and were frequently found to be hypertensive. It is, therefore, suggested that patients need to pay attention to their weight by participating in weight reduction programmes and also improve their physical activity levels in order to reduce their risk ofdeveloping the complications associated with Type 2 diabetes.

ANTECEDENTES: La diabetes tipo 2 es una enfermedad crónica que afecta la salud general y el bienestar de los pacientes de diversas maneras. La modificación del estilo de vida es fundamental para prevenir la diabetes de tipo 2, incluyendo sus complicaciones secundarias. OBJETIVO: Este estudio evaluó el perfil, el comportamiento en torno a la salud, así como la calidad de vida de pacientes que padecen la diabetes tipo 2, y que asisten a las clínicas para diabéticos en el Hospital Docente de la Universidad de Lagos, Lagos State, y el Hospital Estatal de Ring Road, en Ibadan. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Un total de 100 pacientes diabéticos con edades entre 40 y 85 años participaron en este estudio. Sus niveles de actividad física fueron determinados usando el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ). La calidad de vida (QOL) se evaluó usando el Inventario de la calidad de vida en la diabetes (DQOL), en tanto que el consumo de alcohol y el hábito de fumar así como los patrones de nutrición se evaluaron usando el Cuestionario sobre nutrición, alcohol y hábito defumar (ASNQ). También se reportó la edad, el sexo, el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de la cintura, el índice cintura-cadera, y la presión sanguínea. Los datos se presentaron usando estadísticas descriptivas sobre la media, la desviación estándar, y los porcentajes, acompañados con cifras y tablas. RESULTADOS: Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los participantes o bien tenían sobrepeso, o bien eran obesos, teniendo el 62% un índice de masa corporal mayor de 25 kg/m². Aproximadamente 78% de las hembras mostraron una circunferencia de la cintura de > 88 centímetros, mientras que el 48% de los participantes masculinos tenían una circunferencia de cintura de > 92 centímetros. El noventa y siete por ciento de los participantes hembras tenían un índice cintura-cadera por encima de 0.85, mientras que el 32% de los varones tenían un índice cintura-cadera por encima de 1.0 Partiendo de la clasificación de la hipertensión establecida por el Comité Nacional Conjunto para la Prevención, Detección, Evaluación y Tratamiento de la Hipertensión Arterial (JNC 7), se halló que 49% de los participantes se encontraban en las fases 1 y 2 de hipertensión por tensión arterial sistólica, mientras que 43% de los participantes estaban en las fases 1 y 2 de hipertensión por tensión arterial diastólica. Sesenta y dos por ciento de los participantes reveló un nivel bajo de actividad física, 34% tenían un nivel de actividad física moderado mientras 4% tenían un nivel de actividad física alto. Todos los participantes indicaron que ni consumían alcohol ni fumaban en el momento del estudio. Treinta y cuatro por ciento de los participantes comían cantidades adecuadas de fruta, 31% de ellos también consumieron una cantidad adecuada de legumbres y 73% de ellos comían cantidades adecuada de pescado a la semana. Cincuenta y ocho por ciento de los participantes consumían menos cantidades de sal en sus comidas, en comparación con sus iguales, en tanto que 95% de los participantes no agregaban azúcar a su comida; 79% de ellos preferían sus alimentos hervidos. La puntuación promedio de la calidad de vida de los participantes fue 31.85 ± 7.98 de una puntuación total de 75. Por consiguiente, de acuerdo con lo reportado por los participantes, la calidad de vida era satisfactoriamente buena. CONCLUSIÓN: Se halló que los pacientes con diabetes tipo 2, se caracterizaban generalmente por sobrepeso, obesidad, y sedentarismo, y eran frecuentemente hipertensos. Por tanto, se sugiere que los pacientes presten atención a su peso participando en programas de reducción de peso, y mejorando sus niveles de actividad a fin de reducir el riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones asociadas con la diabetes de tipo 2.

Physical activity levels of senior secondary school students in Ibadan, western Nigeria / Niveles de actividad física de los estudiantes de la escuela secundaria preuniversitaria en Ibadan, Nigeria occidental

BACKGROUND: Inactivity and low levels of physical activity are predisposing factors to many chronic diseases such as heart disease which are showing an increase in prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa generally and Nigeria in particular. Physical activity levels have been found to be decreasing among young people in many countries around the world resulting in a state where young people are not found to be sufficiently active in order to safeguard their present and future health and well-being. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess the physical activity levels of students in governmentowned senior secondary schools located in the South-east Municipality, Ibadan, Western Nigeria, and its association with their physical characteristics and level of study. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Multi-stage sampling was used to select participants from senior secondary schools. A modified version of the self-reported physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A) validated for Nigerian adolescents was used for data collection. One thousand and two questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. The questionnaire was designed to collect the respondents' demographic data and assess their physical activity levels. One thousand (1000) questionnaires were completed. Two of the 1002 questionnaires were not properly completed and were therefore discarded. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and cumulative percentage. A table was used to present the results. The chi-square test was used to determine the association between physical activity levels and the physical characteristics of the participants. Independent t-test was used to determine the difference in the physical activity levels of the participants. RESULTS: The results indicated that 38% of the participants engaged in low activity levels, 58.8% in moderate activity levels and 3.2% in high activity levels. Furthermore, physical activity levels (PAL) had significant positive associations with the physical characteristics ofthe participants and males appeared to be significantly more active than females. CONCLUSION: Adolescents are not involved in adequate physical activities that could safeguard their present and future health and well-being. Therefore, it is recommended that there should be educational programmes in place which emphasize the benefits of exercise, primordial prevention of future chronic and cardiovascular diseases and also the incorporation of physical education in the secondary school curriculum.

ANTECEDENTES: La inactividad y los niveles bajos de actividad física constituyen factores de predisposición de muchas enfermedades crónicas tales como las cardiopatías, que en la actualidad experimentan un aumento de prevalencia en el África Subsahariana en general y en Nigeria en particular. Se ha constatado que los niveles de actividad física están disminuyendo entre la gente joven en muchos países alrededor del mundo. A consecuencia de ello, se produce un estado de cosas en el que las personas jóvenes no están suficientemente activas para salvaguardar su salud y bienestar presente o futuro. OBJETIVO: Este estudio fue diseñado para evaluar los niveles de actividad física de estudiantes en escuelas secundarias preuniversitarias del gobierno, situadas en la Municipalidad Suroriental, Ibadan, Nigeria Occidental, así como la asociación de dichos niveles con las características físicas y nivel de escolaridad. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se usó un muestreo por etapas múltiples para seleccionar a los participantes de las escuelas secundarias preuniversitarias. Para la recolección de datos se usó una versión modificada del cuestionario de autoreporte de las actividades físicas para los adolescentes (PAQ-A) validado para adolescentes Nigerianos. Mil dos (1002) encuestas se distribuyeron entre los encuestados. Las encuestas fueron diseñadas para recoger datos demográficos de los encuestados y evaluar sus niveles de actividad física. Se completaron mil (1000) encuestas. Dos de las 1002 encuestas no se completaron correctamente y por lo tanto se descartaron. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadísticas descriptivas de media, desviación estándar y porcentaje cumulativo. Se usó una tabla para presentar los resultados. La prueba de chi-cuadrado fue usada para determinar la asociación entre los niveles de actividad física y las características físicas de los participantes. La prueba "T" independiente fue usada para determinar la diferencia en los niveles de actividad física de los participantes. RESULTADOS: Los resultados indicaron que 38% de los participantes tenían niveles bajos de actividad, 58.8% Niveles moderados de actividad, y 3.2% niveles altos de actividad. Además, los niveles de actividad (NAF) mostraban niveles significativos de asociaciones positivas con las características físicas de los participantes y los varones parecían ser significativamente más activos que las hembras. CONCLUSIÓN: Los adolescentes no toman parte en actividades físicas adecuadas que podrían salvaguardar su salud y bienestar presente y futuro. Por consiguiente, se recomienda que se desarrollen programas educativos que enfaticen los beneficios del ejercicio, la prevención primordial de futuras enfermedades crónicas y cardiovasculares, así como la incorporación de educación física en el plan de estudios preuniversitarios.

Assessment of antigravity and postural control in healthy children in Ibadan, Nigeria

This study determined the relationship between antigravity and postural control in apparently healthy children. Two hundred and fifty subjects [125 males and 125 females], aged 4-12 years participated in the study. The participants were divided into 9 groups based on their chronological age with a minimum of 10 males and 10 females in each group. A non-probability sample of convenience was used to choose schools in Ibadan North Municipality and simple random sampling method was used to recruit participants from the schools. Antigravity and postural indices were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Analysis of data was performed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient [r], independent t-test and ANOVA and the level of significance was set at 0.05. A relationship between antigravity and postural control in healthy children was established at six years of age. Antigravity control was more related to static balance than dynamic balance in late childhood while supine flexion rather than prone extension was more related to quality of postural control in late childhood. There was no significant gender difference in antigravity control, however there were significant [P<0.05] gender differences in postural control at ages 5, 8, 9, 10 and 12 years. No significant [P>0.05] difference was observed in each of prone extension quality, supine flexion quality and supine flexion quantity in late childhood [7-12 years of age] and no significant difference was observed in prone extension quantity amongst children 5-12 years of age. In postural control, no significant age differences were observed in each of quality of static and dynamic balance amongst children aged 6-12 years. Quantity of static balance right did not differ significantly amongst children aged 10-12 years, also quantity of static balance left did not differ significantly in children aged 8-12 years. A relationship between antigravity and postural control is established at six years of age and that antigravity control is more related to static balance than to dynamic balance and supine flexion rather than prone extension posture is more related to quality of postural control

Treatment of Sports Injuries Referred for Physiotherapy at a National Sports Medicine Centre in Nigeria: a Retrospective Study

Background: Physiotherapists are important members of the sports medicine team and are involved in the prevention and management of injured athletes right from the acute stage of injury to the stage of rehabilitation. However; the type of treatments rendered to injured athletes and level of physiotherapy utilisation in terms of injury referrals for physiotherapy in sports medicine in Nigeria is not fully known. Objective: To find out the extent of referral of sports injuries for physiotherapy and types of treatments rendered to injured athletes referred for physiotherapy at the National Sports Medicine Centre (NSMC); Lagos; South-West; Nigeria. Methods: All case files at the general records unit from January 1995 to December 2002 were investigated. Information on athlete's sport; body part treated and physiotherapy modalities used between January 1997 and December 2002 were also extracted from the treatment register at the physiotherapy department of the sports medicine centre. Results: A total of 171 sports related injuries were reported at the general records unit of the NSMC; with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Of this number; 121 (70.8) were referred for physiotherapy with strain (n= 57; 33.3) constituting the majority of physiotherapy referrals. At the physiotherapy department; the knee (n=43; 30.1) and the thigh (n=33; 25.4) were the most treated body parts. Track and field events (n=48; 36.9) recorded the highest number of injuries treated. Exercise therapy (n=81; 25.5) was the most frequently used modality; followed closely by transcutenous electrical nerve stimulation therapy (n=73; 20.3). Conclusion: The frequency of referral of sports injuries for physiotherapy at the NSMC was high. Exercise therapy was the most frequently used treatment modality and injuries affecting the lower limbs were mostly treated. Emphasis should therefore be laid on prevention of lower limb injuries

The Effects of Static Stretch Duration on the Flexibility of Hamstring Muscles

The effects of duration of a static stretching protocol (Intervention) on hamstrings tightness were evaluated.Sixty purposively sampled subjects with unilateral hamstring tightness that had no history of low back and lower extremity dysfunctions that necessitated medical intervention participated in the study. They were randomly assigned into one of 5 intervention and one control groups. Groups a, b, c, d, e subjects had their hamstrings passively stretched for 120, 90, 60, 30, and 15 seconds respectively, while group f served as control. This intervention was carried out on alternate days for 6 consecutive weeks. Knee extension deficit (KED) was measured for all groups at baseline, weekly and 7days post cessation of the intervention (carry-over). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-test at 0.05 alpha.Asignificant reduction (P<0.05) was observed in the KED of subjects in all the intervention groups across the 6 intervention weeks. There was no significant difference between the immediate post intervention and carry-over KED values (p>0.05). The study shows that statically stretching tight hamstrings for any duration between 15 and 120 seconds on alternate days for 6 weeks would significantly increase its flexibility. The effect was also sustained for up to 7 days post intervention