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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; 60(3): 1289-1301, Sept. 2012. mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-659588

ABSTRACT

Cross River serves as a major source of drinking water, transportation, agricultural activities and fishing in Cross River State, Nigeria. Since there is no formal control of effluents discharged into the river, it is important to monitor the levels of metals contaminants in it, thus assessing its suitability for domestic and agricultural use. In order to determine this, three sampling stations designated as Ikom (Station I), Obubra Ogada (Station II) and Calabar (Station III) were randomly selected to study. For this, ten samples of the freshwater Silver Catfish (Chryshchythys nigrogitatus) (29.4-39.5cm SL, 310-510g), sediment and water were collected from each sampling Station from June 2009-June 2010. The heavy metals profiles of Zn, Cu, Fe, Co, Pb, Cd and Cr, in water, sediments and fish muscle were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). In fish, the heavy metals concentration was found to be Cu>Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Co; the highest mean concentration of Copper (0.297±0.022 μg/g), Cadmium (0.011±0.007μg/g), Iron (0.371±0.489μg/g), Lead (0.008±0.008μg/g), were determined for the fish. In water, the order was found to be Fe>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Cd>Co; the highest mean concentration of Iron (0.009±0.00μg/g), Copper (0.015±0.01 μg/g), Lead (0.0002±0.00μg/g) Cadmium (0.0006±0.001μg/g), Zinc (0.0036±0.003μg/g), were observed in the surface water, respectively. The highest mean concentration of Copper (0.037±0.03μg/g), Iron (0.053±0.04μg/g), Lead (0.0002±0.00μg/g), Cobalt (0.0002±0.00μg/g), Cadmium (0.0006±0.001μg/g) and Zinc (.009±0.0015μg/g) was observed in the bottom water. In sediments, the concentration order found was Zn>Fe>Cu>Pb>Co>Cd; the highest mean concentration of 0.057±0.04μg/g, 0.043±0.03μg/g, 0.0006±0.00μg/g, 0.0002±0.00μg/g, 0.0009±0.00μg/g, 0.099±0.00404μg/g in Iron, Copper, Lead, Cobalt, Cadmium and Zinc were observed in the sediment, respectively; Chromium was not detected in the sediment for the whole sampling area. Most of the heavy metals were below the maximum allowable levels set by the WHO, FEPA and USEPA, except Zinc which mean concentration of 0.099±0.00404μg/g was above the recommended limit of 0.0766μg/g of USEPA in the sediment at Ikom. This implies that the waste assimilation capacity of the river is high, a phenomenon that could be ascribed to dilution, sedimentation and continuous water exchange. This is an indication that an urban and industrial waste discharged into the Cross River has a significant effect on the ecological balance of the river. Thus fish species from the Cross River harvested are safe for human consumption.


Cross River funciona como una fuente importante de agua potable, transporte, actividades agrícolas y pesqueras en el Estado Cross River, Nigeria. Dado que no existe un control formal de los efluentes vertidos en el río, es importante monitorear los niveles de metales contaminantes en el mismo, por lo tanto la evaluación de su idoneidad para el uso doméstico y agrícola. Para la determinación de lo anterior, tres estaciones de muestreo designadas como Ikom (Estación I), Obubra Ogada (Estación II) y Calabar (Estación III) fueron seleccionadas al azar para el estudio. Se tomaron diez muestras de “Bagre de agua dulce de plata” (Chryshchythys nigrogitatus) de 29.4-39.5cm LE (longitud estándar) y 310-510g de peso, sedimentos y agua fueron recolectadas en cada estación de muestreo de junio 2009 a junio 2010. Los perfiles de metales pesados de Zn, Cu, Fe, Co, Pb, Cd y Cr, en agua, sedimentos y músculos de peces fueron analizados por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (AAS). En los peces, la concentración de metales pesados que se determinó fue Cu>Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Co, para los peces se determinó una mayor concentración media de cobre (0.297±0.022g/g), cadmio (0.011±0.007μg/g), hierro (0.371±0.489μg/g) y plomo (0.008±0.008μg/g). En el agua, el orden se determinó como sigue: Fe>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Cd>Co, con una mayor concentración promedio de hierro (0.009±0.00μg/g), cobre (0.015±0.01g/g), plomo (0.0002±0.00μg/g), cadmio (0.0006±0.001μg/g) y zinc (0.0036±0.003μg/g), se observaron en la superficie del agua, respectivamente. La mayor concentración promedio de cobre (0.037±0.03μg/g), hierro (0.053±0.04μg/g), plomo (0.0002±0.00μg/g), cobalto (0.0002±0.00μg/g), cadmio (0.0006±0.001g/g) y zinc (0.009±0.0015μg/g) se observó en el agua del fondo. En los sedimentos, el orden de concentración fue: Zn>Fe>Cu>Pb>Co>Cd, la mayor concentración media fue de 0.057±0.04μg/g, 0.043±0.03μg/g, 0.0006±0.00μg/g, 0.0002±0.00μg/g, 0.0009±0.00μg/g y 0.099±0.00404μg/g para hierro, cobre, plomo, cobalto, cadmio y zinc, respectivamente, no se detectó cromo. La mayoría de los metales pesados por debajo de los niveles máximos permisibles establecidos por la OMS, FEPA y USEPA, con excepción de zinc cuya concentración media fue de 0.099±0.00404μg/g estuvo por encima del límite recomendado de 0.0766μg/g de EPA en el sedimento de la Estación I (Ikom). Esto implica que la capacidad de asimilación de residuos del río es alta, un fenómeno que podría atribuirse a la dilución, la sedimentación y el intercambio continuo de agua. Lo cual es una indicación de que efluentes vertidos en el Cross River por zonas urbanas e industriales tienen un efecto significativo en el equilibrio ecológico del río. Así, las especies de peces del Río Cross son seguras para el consumo humano.


Subject(s)
Animals , Catfishes/metabolism , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Geologic Sediments/chemistry , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Rivers/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Catfishes/classification , Nigeria , Spectrophotometry, Atomic
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 59(2): 751-759, jun. 2011. mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-638117

ABSTRACT

Bacterial infection among the most common cultured mudfish Clarias gariepinus in Africa, has become a cause of concern, because it constitutes the largest economic loss in fish farms. In order to provide useful biological data of the pathogens for good management practices, samples were collected monthly between January 2008 and December 2009 in three monoculture nursery ponds, located in three different positions: upriver (A, grassland), mid-river (B, mixed forest and grassland) and downriver (C, rainforest) along 200km length of Cross River floodplains, Nigeria. A total of 720 fingerlings between 15.1 and 20.7g were analyzed to determine the degree of infection. The bacterial pathogens were taken from their external surfaces, and were isolated and identified by standard methods. The caudal fins of fingerlings from pond A had the highest bacterial load (5.8x10³cfu/g), while the least counts (1.2x103cfu/g) were identified on the head of fish from pond C, with Flexibacter columnaris as the major etiological agent. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus were identified as co-isolates with P. fluorescens as dominant (0.7x10²cfu/mL) co-isolates in pond water. Clinical signs of five white spots with red periphery appeared on the external surface of infected fish. All the fish sampled, died after 4 to 9 days. There was no significant difference in the bacterial counts between different ponds, but the difference between fish organs/parts examined was significant. Fish from these ponds are therefore potentially dangerous to consumers and highly devalued, with the economic impact to producers. Preventive methods to avoid these infections are recommended. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 751-759. Epub 2011 June 01.


Las infeccines bacterianas son comunes en el pez de cultivo Clarias gariepinus, el cual es el más cultivado en Africa y se han convertido en una causa de preocupación, ya que constituye la mayor pérdida económica en las granjas piscícolas. Se proporcionan datos biológicos de los agentes patógenos con el fin de proporcionar información útil para buenas prácticas de gestión en las granjas. Las muestras fueron recolectadas mensualmente entre Enero 2008 y Diciembre 2009 en tres viveros de estanques de monocultivo, situados en tres posiciones diferentes: río arriba (A, pastizales), mitad del río (B, bosque mixto y pastos) y aguas abajo (C, bosque) a lo largo de 200km de longitud en las llanuras de inundación del río Cross, Nigeria. Un total de 720 alevines de entre 15.1 y 20.7g fueron analizados para determinar el grado de infección. Los patógenos bacteriales fueron tomados de las superficies externas, y fueron aislados e identificados por métodos estándar. Las aletas caudales de los alevines del estanque A tuvieron la mayor carga bacteriana (5.8x10³cfu/g), mientras el menor conteo de bacterias (1.2x103cfu/g) fue identificado en la cabeza de los peces del estanque C, con Flexibacter columnaris como el agente etiológico más importante. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Micrococcus luteus se identificaron como co-aislamientos con P. fluorescens, como dominantes (0.7x102cfu/mL) co-aislados en el agua del estanque. Los signos clínicos fueron cinco puntos blancos con la periferia roja y aparecieron en la superficie externa de los peces infectados. Todos los peces de la muestra, murieron después de 4 a 9 días. No hubo diferencia significativa en los recuentos bacterianos entre los diferentes estanques, pero la diferencia entre los órganos y las partes de los peces examinados fue significativa. Los peces de estos estanques son potencialmente peligrosos para los consumidores y con alta devaluación, ...


Subject(s)
Animals , Catfishes/microbiology , Fish Diseases/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Catfishes/classification , Colony Count, Microbial/veterinary , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary , Rivers
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 56(4): 1785-1799, Dec. 2008. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-637777

ABSTRACT

The silver catfish, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacépède: 1803) is a highly valued food-fish included among the dominant commercial catches exploited in major rivers of Africa. To provide useful biological data for management, samples were collected monthly between January (2005) and December (2007) in three zones: I: Upper Cross River (grassland), II: Middle Cross River (mixed forest and grassland), and III: Lower Cross River (rainforest)] along 200 km length of the Cross River, Nigeria. Data from 1 248 specimens were processed using: allometric coefficient (b), gonado-somatic index, Fulton’s condition factor and diversity indices. Male dominance was observed in all populations; C. nigrodigitatus reached maturity at 11.5cm (male) and 16.7cm (female) total length. Gonado-somatic index was higher for females with a peak in the early rains. The breeding period was between April and August with mean fecundity ranging between 4522 ±1924 eggs and 20321 ± 5543 eggs. This was directly related to total length and weight by the regression models: F = 2365.88 + 560.22 log L and F = 5025.81 +56.34 log W respectively. Exponential equations for length-weight relationships were Wt=-1.997 Lt2.206 (Zone I), W = -2.831 Lt3.040 (Zone II) and Wt= -2.245 Lt2.995 (Zone III). The mean allometric coefficient (b) showed significant departure from cubic value (negative allometry) for Zone I while Zones II and III showed no difference, indicating isometry. Dominant items in the diet were fish and fish parts constituting 21.6% with Food Richness and Gut Repletion Index of 18 and 100% respectively, in all zones. Diet Breadth of 0.802 (Zone I), 0.922 (Zone II) and 0.910 (Zone III) indicate a high trophic flexibility that enables switching from one diet to another according to availability. Mean condition factor for males varied from 0.718 ±0.117 minimum in Zone I to 0.996 ±0.062 maximum in Zone III. Forest inland wetlands (Zone II and III) of Cross River provided better condition for C. nigrodigitatus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1785-1799. Epub 2008 December 12.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Catfishes/physiology , Ecosystem , Fertility/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Africa , Body Size , Catfishes/anatomy & histology , Catfishes/classification , Rivers , Seasons , Sex Ratio
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