ABSTRACT
The proximate composition and time killing kinetics of the leaf and stem extracts of Calotropis procera were carried out. The proximate composition showed moisture content of (10.45 and 9.78%), protein (16.20 and 8.15%), fat (1.99 and 0.96%), ash (14.32 and 6.39%), crude fibre (6.73 and 23.23%) and carbohydrate (49.49 and 51.49%) for leaf and the stem respectively. Twelve pathogenic bacteria and five fungi species were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo-State and typed cultures of the organisms were collected from National Institute of Medical Research (American type culture collection centre (ATCC), USA). The time-kill studies are important because comprehensive information about pharmacodynamics of a putative antibacterial agent may not be gained simply through endpoints such as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. This study is done to examine the time-frame required for the microbes to be killed. It was determined on each isolates with the extracts taken at their Minimum Inhibition Concentration values. The study was evaluated in hours of 0 hr, 6 hrs, 12 hrs, 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs, the methanol leaf extract kill most of the organisms within 24 hrs while aqueous leaf extract was unable to kill most of the organisms under 48 hrs.
ABSTRACT
This study reveals the methicillin sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The two species of Staphylococci were isolated from polluted and unpolluted soil and water; anatomical sites such as nose, ear, skin, hand and throat; wastes from dustbin, roof, poultry, postgraduate hostel’s bathroom and toilet in the Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State. Clinical isolates and typed culture were also collected from the Microbiology Laboratory Obafemi Awolowo University and Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Ibadan, Nigeria respectively. Isolation, characterisation and identification were done according to standard microbiological methods. The occurrence of S. aureus was more prevalent with 66.67% while S. epidermidis was 33.33%. Staphylococci isolated, clinical isolates from hospital and typed culture (ATCC-25923) were all resistant to tested antibiotics. Ninety percent (90%) of S. aureus and sixty percent (60%) of S. epidermidis from the samples showed resistance to Methicillin. More regulations should be encouraged on the use of antibiotics and formation of antibiotic policy guidelines is highly recommended.
ABSTRACT
Aims: To determine the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Akoko-Edo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Study Design: The study focused on socio-demographic characteristics of volunteers such as age, sex, marital status and location. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out among apparently healthy individuals of Akoko-Edo Local government area of Edo State, Nigeria between October 2012 and December 2012. Methodology: The HBsAg one step hepatitis B surface antigen test strip, a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of Hepatitis B surface antigen in serum/plasma, was used for screening the volunteers. Result: Out of the 455 volunteers screened, 125 people (27.5%) were positive which consist of 49 male (28.7%) and 76 females (26.8%). Age related prevalence for HBsAg was 18.2% and 9.2% among those aged 10-40 and 40-70 years respectively. Among single individuals of 101, prevalence of 25.3% was recorded while only 6% (24) was recorded as prevalence among married individuals. This study also reveals that the highest prevalence of HBsAg was observed in Ojirami-Dam community with 40.3% prevalence while the least was observed in Umeme-Osu community with 16.4% prevalence. Conclusion: This study shows high prevalence of hepatitis B among children and young adult in Akoko-Edo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. The incidence of the infection among individuals between ages of 10-40 years with 83 people infected (66.4%) calls for concern among the people of the area. This provides evidence for urgent public awareness and mass immunization of the people in area.
ABSTRACT
Aims: To determine the antibacterial effect of methanol, petroleum ether and hot water extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev on some pathogenic bacteria and to establish the use of the leaf extract in herbal medicine. Study Design: In vitro assay of antibacterial properties. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, between November 2011 and January 2012. Methodology: Collection of bacterial isolates; preparation of plant extracts; phytochemical screening; in vitro susceptibility test (agar well diffusion assay); minimum inhibitory concentration; antibiotics sensitivity test (disc diffusion assay); rate of killing of plant extracts; sodium and potassium ion leakage. Results: The results of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroid, terpenoid and cardiac glycosides. All the leaf extracts inhibited all the test organisms except Escherichia coli which was not inhibited by petroleum ether extract. The methanol extract had the highest effect on the test organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts ranged between 10 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL. The result of the antibacterial activity of the leaf extracts compared favourably with the activity of standard antibiotics. It was observed that the number of bacterial cells was decreasing with increase in time of interaction between the extracts and the bacterial cells at a concentration 50 mg/mL of the extracts. There was also increase in the number of sodium and potassium ion leaked from the bacterial cells by the leaf extracts. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate the antibacterial potential of Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev which may be a source of new bioactive compounds for drug development. The results obtained also establish the use of the plant in traditional phytomedicine for the diseases caused by the microorganisms.