ABSTRACT
This study evaluated amylase production by Bacillus species employing the solid state fermentation (SSF) method using five agro-industrial wastes namely corn cobs, potato peel and maize straw, groundnut husk and corn chaff. Five Bacillus species were tested for amylase production abilities and Bacillus subtilis showed the highest amylase production ability after incubation. Corn chaff gave maximum enzyme production (3.25 U/ml) while the least enzyme was recorded on groundnut husk (2.35 U/ml) at 25. Potato peel had maximum enzyme production by Bacillus subtilis (3.05 U/ml) at pH 7.0 while the least enzyme production was from groundnut husk (2.84 U/ml) at pH 4.0.Thus there was an increase in enzyme production with corresponding increase in substrate concentration. The results obtained in this study support the suitability of using agro-industrial wastes as solid state fermentation substrates for high production of amylase. It’s also a means of solving pollution problems thus making solid state fermentation an attractive method.
ABSTRACT
Background: The rising global rate in caesarean delivery has been a source of concern to obstetricians worldwide. In spite of remarkable improvement in the safety of anaesthesia and surgical techniques; caesarean section has higher risks of maternal death when compared with normal vaginal delivery. Thus; the current emphasis is to limit the rising rate of caesarean section to as much as possible. Objective: To determine the rate of caesarean section; pregnancy out-come; major indications and complications of caesarean section. Methods: A five year (January 1st 2005 to December 31st 2009) retrospective analysis of clinical data from the ward admissions and discharge books; patients' folders and the operating theatre record books at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital; Ituku Ozalla; Enugu. Results: Out of the 3;554 deliveries during the study period; 980 cases were by caesarean section; giving a rate of 27.6. Most cases 918 (93.7) were by emergency caesarean sections; with elective procedure accounting only for 6.3of the cases. The age range of the women was between 16-48yrs. Four hundred and seven (41.5) were primigravidae; 503(51.4) were between para one and para four; while 70 (7.1) were grand-multipara. The rate of caesarean section was higher amongst the booked patients; 563 (57.5) than the unbooked patients 355 (36.2). Two previous caesarean section was the commonest indication for caesarean section 211(21.5); followed by cephalopelvic disproportion 198 (20.2); and foetal distress188 (19.2). A total of 1009 babies were delivered through caesarean section by the 980 women; 955 cases of singleton gestations and 25 cases of multiple gestations (21 twins and 4 triplets). Majority of the babies 918 (91) were delivered by emergency procedure. More than half of the babies 582(57.7) had birth asphyxia and there were 39 (3.9) perinatal deaths. All the cases of perinatal deaths and 549 (94.3) of birth asphyxia were following emergency procedure. Anaemia was the commonest postpartum morbidity and the maternal case fatality rate was 0.7. Conclusion: There is now a further rise in rate of caesarean section after a slight drop that followed the initial high 1.5fold rise from previous studies. The perinatal outcome is poor especially following emergency caesarean section. Reducing primary caesarean section rate and more encouragement of vaginal delivery after one previous caesarean section may reduce the prevalence of two previous caesarean sections which is the leading indication for caesarean section in the hospital
Subject(s)
Cesarean Section , Health Surveys , Nigeria , Obstetric Surgical ProceduresABSTRACT
A 32 year-old nigerian woman who was admitted with premature rupture of the fetal membranes in the thirty-fifth week of her quintuplet pregnancy is presented. Management is discussed