ABSTRACT
Insecticidal efficacy of oils from the leaves of Cassia occidentalisand Euphorbia milii on selected insect pests was studied. The oils were extracted via Soxhletapparatus with hexane, and test insects exposed to the oils at 3 dose levels (0.2mg, 0.4mg and 0.6mg) for 24 hours. The results showed contact insecticidal activity of E. miliioil at LD50s and LD90s (mg/kg) as 0.583 and 1.108 for Periplaneta americana, 0.681 and 1.215 for Tettigonia viridissima0.488 and 0.893 for Anopheles gambaie,C. occidentalisoil gave LD50s and LD90s (mg/kg) of 0.889 and 1.689 for P. americana, 1.013 and 1.973 for T. virdissima, and 0.722 and 1.847 for Anopheles gambaie. The corresponding values for the conventional insecticide; SWAN were 0.417 and 1.017 for P. americana, 0.607 and 1.111 for T. viridissimaand 0.40 and 0.743 for A. gambaie,respectively. The GC-MS analysis of plant oils revealed for E.milii,the presenceof hexadecanoic acid, 2 hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; 6, 9,12,15-docosatetraenic acid methyl ester. For C. occidentalis,the presence of:phthalic acid isobutyl octyl ester; hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester; 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-methyl ester; methyl stearate; phthalic acid,2-ethylhexyl isohexyl ester; decane; oleic acid; 4,7,-methano-1h-indene,3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro and n-hexadecanoic acid were revealed. Overall, data from this study provides strong evidence that these oils possess bioactive metabolites with commendable degrees of insecticidal efficacy.
ABSTRACT
This research evaluated the insecticidal efficacy of essential oils from the leaves of Phyllanthus amarusand Stachytarpheta cayennensison Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Schistocerca americana(American grasshopper) and Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito). A gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of essential oils was also carried out to determine the active components of the oil likely responsible for the observed Insecticidal properties. Insects were exposed to 0.5g of essential oils as well as the positive control (Raid) for 24 hours and mortality observed and recorded every 4 hours. Both essential oils caused 100% mortality in test insects at different time intervals. P.amarusand S.cayennensiscaused 60% and 73% mortality in A.gambiaeat 8hours, 60% and 90% mortality in P.americanaat 12 hours and 40% and 90% mortality in Schistocerca americanaat 16hours. In all cases, S. americanarecorded the least mortality among the test insects as compared to the other insects. S.cayennensisoil proved to be more potent than P.amarusoil. The result of the GC-MS analysis carried out on essential oils from both plants revealed the presence of; Decanoic acid, ethylester(Ethyl decanoate) 6.02%, Dodecanoic acid, ethylester (Ethyl dodecanoate) 11.26%, Tetradecanoic acid, ethylester (Ethyl tetradecanoate) 9.22%, Hexadecanoic acid, ethylester (Ethyl hexadecanoate) 10.16%, Phytol 28.52%, 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid, rthylester (Ethyl linolenate) 11.34%, Stigmasta-7,25-dien 3-ol 7.95% and Decanoic acid, ethyl ester (Ethyl decanoate) 6.05%, Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester (Ethyl dodecanoate) 10.89%, Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester (Ethyl tetradecanoate) 8.32%, Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (Ethyl palmitate) 5.01%, Phytol 8.27%, Linoleic acid, ethyl ester (Ethyl linolenate) 5.79%, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester (Ethyl linolenate) 5.79%, Vitamin E 8.29%, Stigmasterol 9.38% and beta-Sitosterol 16.67% for S.cayannensis and P.amarusrespectively. The result from this study indicates that essential oils from these two plants contain potent insecticidal agents that are available, affordable, and effective in the control of insect pests as against the toxic synthetic chemicals currently in use.