ABSTRACT
Nicotine neuronal interactions exert an adverse potential in some brain regions and a significant link has been established between tobacco smokeicotine and vascular impairment. This work addresses nicotine impact on various components of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) in rat. Twenty adult male Albino rats were divided equally into two groups: Group I, vehicle-control group (received saline [1 ml/kg body weight intra peritoneally] for 11 days). Group II; nicotine group (received 1.5 mg/kg body weight/day Sc) for 11 days. Nicotine levels were detected in the serum. Specimens were taken from the mid brain, processed and examined using biochemical, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and morphometric techniques. In nicotine group, biochemical analysis revealed reduction in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), decrease in dopamine and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The mean number of light cells, and the mean surface area of nerve cells/field were significantly reduced, with an increase of dark cells were found in nicotine group compared to control.Immunoreactivity in nicotine group revealed an increase in neuronal α-synuclein, reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme, an increase in caspase 3 and ultrastructure changes suggestive of neuronal apopto. The blood capillaries were markedly affected. Nicotine induced endothelial and pericytic apoptotic changes, irregular lumena and indistinct endothelial junctional complex. Nicotine administered subcutaneously in a small dose may have a deleterious effect on SNc, mainly involving dopaminergic neurons and blood capillaries. This effect seems to be secondary to an oxidative stress that might be produced by reduced TAC and increased MDA levels.
ABSTRACT
Nicotine neuronal interactions exert an adverse potential in some brain regions and a significant link has been established between tobacco smokeicotine and vascular impairment. This work addresses nicotine impact on various components of the substantia nigra compacta (SNc) in rat. Twenty adult male Albino rats were divided equally into two groups: Group I, vehicle-control group (received saline [1 ml/kg body weight intra peritoneally] for 11 days). Group II; nicotine group (received 1.5 mg/kg body weight/day Sc) for 11 days. Nicotine levels were detected in the serum. Specimens were taken from the mid brain, processed and examined using biochemical, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and morphometric techniques. In nicotine group, biochemical analysis revealed reduction in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), decrease in dopamine and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The mean number of light cells, and the mean surface area of nerve cells/field were significantly reduced, with an increase of dark cells were found in nicotine group compared to control.Immunoreactivity in nicotine group revealed an increase in neuronal α-synuclein, reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme, an increase in caspase 3 and ultrastructure changes suggestive of neuronal apopto. The blood capillaries were markedly affected. Nicotine induced endothelial and pericytic apoptotic changes, irregular lumena and indistinct endothelial junctional complex. Nicotine administered subcutaneously in a small dose may have a deleterious effect on SNc, mainly involving dopaminergic neurons and blood capillaries. This effect seems to be secondary to an oxidative stress that might be produced by reduced TAC and increased MDA levels.
ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes mellitus, a chronic disease with increasing prevalence worldwide, is known to be associated with thyroid disorders. Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, is currently used for the treatment of diabetes and obesity
Aim of the work: The present study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using all-trans-retinoic acid [atRA] in reducing the structural changes of the thyroid gland and pituitary thyrotrophs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Materials and methods: Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three equal groups: group I, control; group II, which included rats in which diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin [100 mg/kg]; and group III, which included rats in which diabetes was induced as in group II, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of atRA [2.5 mg/kg/day] from the third day. After 4 weeks, thyroid and pituitary specimens were processed for light and electron microscopic study
Results: Most thyroid follicles of diabetic rats were distended with colloid and lined with flattened thyrocytes with hyperchromatic nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm that contained dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, few colloid droplets, and few lysosomes. Some exfoliated cells were observed in the lumen. C cells had rarefied cytoplasm containing a few secretory granules. The number of mast cells showed a nonsignificant change. Thyrotrophs showed dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, destroyed mitochondria, and decreased secretory granules. The atRA-treated diabetic group showed almost the same structural alterations in the thyroid gland, with even more changes in thyrotrophs
Conclusion: Despite its current use as a novel therapy for diabetes, atRA exerted no ameliorating effect on diabetes-induced histological changes in the thyroid gland and, moreover, exacerbated the changes of pituitary thyrotrophs
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Tretinoin/therapeutic use , Thyroid Gland/pathology , Pituitary Gland/pathology , Microscopy, Electron , Rats , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly through the world, so the diabetic foot syndrome become more and more important as a major diabetic complication
Objectives: The aim of study was to determine the association between the up-regulation of circulating level ofIL-6 in diabetic patients with foot ulcer compared with diabetic patients without foot ulcer
Subjects and methods: The study included 60 subjects, they were divided into three groups; group I included 20 diabetic patients without foot ulcer syndrome, group II included 20 diabetic patients with diabetic foot ulcer syndrome [DFUS] and group HI included 20 apparently healthy subjects as a control. All subjects were subjected to clinical assessment, routine laboratory investigations and specific investigations including assay of glycosylated haemoglobin, serum IL-6 and bacteriological culture and sensitivity for ulcer
Results: There is no significant difference among the three studied groups regarding the gender, age, duration of the disease and type of treatment. There was significant difference between group I and other groups regarding hypertension [p<0.02]. There was no significant difference between the three studied groups regarding WBC. There was a significant difference between the three studied groups as regards neutrophils and platelets counts f [p=0.009] nd [p=0.03] respectively. There was a highly significant difference between the three studied groups as regards Hb concentration [p<0.001]. There was a highly significant difference [p<0.00l] between group II and both group I and group III as regards ESR [43 +/- 77.2, 13+/-3.9, 11+/-3], random blood sugar [RBS] [319.7+/-47, 238+/-47.8, 92.5+/-10.8], glycosylated haemoglobin [HbAlc] [9.93+/-1.35, 8.83+/-1.4, 4.6+/-0.6], Urea [49.9+/-37, 52.5+/-41, 20.6+/-2.4] and IL-6 [18.9+/-5.6, 4.9+/-2.7, 2,77+/-I].There was positive significant correlations [p<0.001] between IL-6 and levels of RBS [r=0.72], and HbAlc [r=0.62], respectively. Also, a positive significant correlation between IL-6 and neutrophils% [r=0.35, p<0.005] was found The most common isolated microorganisms from foot culture were mixed gram + ve cocci and gram -ve bacilli representing 60% and lonely gram + ve cocci and gram -ve bacilli were 20% respectively. Also, it was found that the most gram +ve organism was Staphylococcus aureus and the most gram -ve organism was E. coll and the most effective antibiotic was Ampicillin-Sulbactam 70% followed by Imipenem 30%
Conclusion: Diabetic patients with foot ulcer were found to have higher IL-6 level than diabetic patients without foot ulcer and they were prone to complications or mortality. This assay could facilitate early and accurate diagnosis and greatly aid timely institution of appropriate treatment