ABSTRACT
Abstract Studies have provided evidence that morphological awareness contributes to word reading in opaque languages such as English. However, this relationship is not yet established for Brazilian Portuguese, a much less opaque language. The present study performed a longitudinal investigation of the relationship between morphological awareness and word reading in 162 children from 2nd to 5th grades of elementary school. The children were evaluated in the final quarter of the respective school year (time 1) and 1 year later (time 2). Hierarchical regression analyses controlling for intelligence, phonological awareness, and phonological working memory were conducted. The hierarchical regression analyses were followed up by cross-lagged panel correlations, and both results converged to word reading measured in the 2nd and 3rd grades contributing to morphological awareness 1 year later. In addition, morphological awareness measured in the 4th grade contributed to word reading 1 year later. The greater transparency of Brazilian Portuguese may make morphological awareness less important for word reading in the early grades; however, in older children, morphological awareness is important for word reading performance.
ABSTRACT
Neste artigo, avaliou-se a contribuição da consciência morfológica (CM) para a leitura no português brasileiro. Participaram do estudo 141 crianças do 2º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, que foram testadas nas habilidades de leitura, inteligência, memória de trabalho fonológica (MTF), CM e consciência fonológica (CF). Cada criança foi avaliada individualmente em duas sessões de, aproximadamente, 15 minutos. Análises de regressão hierárquica foram realizadas, sendo controladas a idade e a inteligência, enquanto entraram em diferentes momentos na equação as variáveis: CF, MTF e CM. A MTF não contribuiu para a leitura e a CM contribuiu para a leitura apenas no 4º e 5º anos, enquanto a CF contribuiu em todos os anos. Embora a CF tenha contribuído em todos os anos escolares, no 4º e 5º anos a contribuição da CM para a leitura foi maior. Discutiu-se a relevância de se estimular a CM e a CF durante o processo de alfabetização.
The present work evaluated the contribution of morphological awareness for reading in Brazilian Portuguese. One hundred and forty-one Brazilian children from second to fifth Elementary School years took part in this study. We have assessed their reading skills, intelligence, phonological working memory (PWM), morphological awareness (MA), and phonological awareness (PA). Each child was assessed individually in two sessions of fifteen minutes. We have conducted hierarchical regression analyses controlling for intelligence and age with PWM, PA, and MA entering in the investigation in different steps. PWM did not contribute to reading. MA added for reading only in 4th and 5th years. PA contributed for reading both in 2nd and 3rd years and in 4th and 5th years. Although PA provided for reading in all school years, MA had a more significant contribution for reading in 4th and 5th years. We have discussed the relevance of including MA and PA stimulation during reading instruction.
Se evaluó la contribución de la conciencia morfológica (CM) para la lectura en portugués brasileño. Fueron puestas a prueba las habilidades de lectura, inteligencia, memoria de trabajo fonológica (MTF), CM y conciencia fonológica (CF) de 141 niños de 2º al 5º de enseñanza primaria fundamental. Cada niño fue evaluado individualmente en dos sesiones de aproximadamente 15 minutos. Análisis de regresión jerárquicos fueron realizados, se mantuvo controlada la edad y la inteligencia mientras que entraban en la ecuación en diferentes momentos las variables CF, MTF y CM. entraron en diferentes momentos en la ecuación las variables: CF, MTF y CM. La memoria de trabajo fonológica no contribuyó para la lectura y la conciencia morfológica contribuyó para la lectura apenas en el 4º y 5º año; entretanto, la CF contribuyó en todos los años. Aunque la CF contribuyó ha aportado en todos los años escolares, en el 4º y 5º año, el aporte de la CM para la lectura fue mayor. Se discute la relevancia de estimular tanto la CM como la CF durante el proceso de alfabetización.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , LiteracyABSTRACT
O viés retrospectivo é o fenômeno de perceber e avaliar eventos diferentemente, uma vez que eles tenham ocorrido. Dada uma falha cognitiva, pessoas tendem a ter distorções da memória e a produzir falsas sensações de inevitabilidade e previsibilidade. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram fazer uma revisão de literatura do viés retrospectivo e discutir as implicações teóricas e práticas do tema. Uma pesquisa, realizada nas principais bases de dados do país, não encontrou nenhum artigo relacionado com o tema. A partir de uma seleção das principais pesquisas internacionais sobre o assunto, foi feita uma análise que mostrou os níveis cognitivos do viés retrospectivo, suas implicações e as estratégias usadas para atenuar o viés. Nas considerações finais, são discutidos o impacto e a importância do conhecimento desse fenômeno no dia a dia de tomadores de decisão e cidadãos, assim como a necessidade de se explorar o tema em pesquisas nacionais.
Hindsight bias is the phenomenon of perceiving and evaluating events differently once they are occurred. Given a cognitive flaw, people tend to have distortions of memory and produce false sensations of inevitability and predictability. The objective of this work is to make a literature review of the hindsight bias and to discuss both theoretical and practical implications of the theme. A search conducted in the Brazilian's main databases did not find any articles related to the topic. From a selection of the main international studies on the subject, an analysis was made showing the cognitive levels of the hindsight bias, its implications and the strategies used to attenuate the bias. In the final considerations, the impact and importance of day-to-day knowledge of the phenomenon and the need to explore the subject in national research are discussed.
Subject(s)
Anticipation, Psychological , Cognition , Mental Processes , Decision Making , Heuristics , PsychologyABSTRACT
Abstract Many studies have shown that, while reading, the brain works a sort of decomposing process of words, reducing them to its morphemes. Moreover, many studies have shown that morphological awareness, which is the ability to reflect upon the structure of words, may contribute to reading in Brazilian Portuguese. The present study investigated morphological priming in children and evaluated the correlation between morphological priming and morphological awareness scores. One hundred and forty-one children took part in this research: 35 second graders, 33 third graders, 33 fourth graders, and 40 fifth graders. They performed a lexical decision task (LDT) and morphological awareness task. Results indicate that as early as the second grade, children show some degree of morphological priming effects. In addition, children from the fifth grade presented morphological priming effects similar to those of a skilled reader. No correlations between morphological awareness scores and morphological priming effects were found.