Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular and endocrine-metabolic diseases: an update

The endothelium plays a vital role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis by the release of relaxing and contracting factors. Any change in this balance may result in a process known as endothelial dysfunction that leads to impaired control of vascular tone and contributes to the pathogenesis of some cardiovascular and endocrine/metabolic diseases. Reduced endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased production of thromboxane A2, prostaglandin H2 and superoxide anion in conductance and resistance arteries are commonly associated with endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive, diabetic and obese animals, resulting in reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and in increased vasoconstrictor responses. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated the role of enhanced overactivation ofβ-adrenergic receptors inducing vascular cytokine production and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) uncoupling that seem to be the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in hypertension, heart failure and in endocrine-metabolic disorders. However, some adaptive mechanisms can occur in the initial stages of hypertension, such as increased NO production by eNOS. The present review focuses on the role of NO bioavailability, eNOS uncoupling, cyclooxygenase-derived products and pro-inflammatory factors on the endothelial dysfunction that occurs in hypertension, sympathetic hyperactivity, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. These are cardiovascular and endocrine-metabolic diseases of high incidence and mortality around the world, especially in developing countries and endothelial dysfunction contributes to triggering, maintenance and worsening of these pathological situations.

Curvas de lactação de vacas F1 Holandês-Gir ajustadas pela função gama incompleta / Lactation curves adjusted by incomplete gamma function for crossbred F1 Holstein-Gyr cows

Estudaram-se o padrão das curvas de lactação de 5.368 vacas F1 Holandês-Gir pelo modelo gama incompleto e os efeitos da ordem de lactação e época de parição sobre os parâmetros da função e sobre a produção inicial (PI), produção no pico de lactação (PP), tempo ao pico de lactação (TP), persistência (PER) e produção total de leite estimada na lactação (PLTLE). As curvas de lactação apresentaram-se curvilíneas com queda da produção a partir do início da lactação. A diferença entre a produção de multíparas e primíparas foi de 48,9 por cento, favorável às primeiras. As multíparas apresentaram maior queda na produção no primeiro mês de lactação e maior persistência, enquanto as primíparas apresentaram fortes quedas ao longo de toda lactação e menor persistência. A diferença da produção de leite entre lactações iniciadas na época seca e das águas foi de 1,6 por cento, favorável à primeira. Os resultados para produção relativa mensal, queda percentual na produção referente ao mês anterior e queda percentual na produção referente ao primeiro mês de lactação indicam poucas diferenças no formato das curvas de lactação para vacas paridas nas épocas da seca e das águas. Baixos valores de R² encontrados indicam que a função não produziu bom ajuste para a curva de lactação de vacas desse grupo genético.

The lactation curves of 5,368 crossbred F1 Holstein-Gyr cows were studied. The gamma incomplete function was used as a model. The effects of parity and season of calving on the gamma incomplete parameters, the inicial milk production, the peak of production, the time to the peak of production, the lactation persistency and the total milk production were measured. The lactation curves showed curvilinear effect with decreasing in milk production since the beginning. The multiparous cows produced 48.9 percent more milk, more reduction in milk production during the first month of lactation and higher lactation persistency than primiparous cows. Although the lactation curves were similar, average milk production from dry season calving cows was 1.6 percent higher than those for rainy season calving. Low R² values suggested that the gamma incomplete function did not fit as a model for the lactation curves of this genetic group.