ABSTRACT
The flavonoid rutin is recognized as playing an important role in the protection of plants against lepidopterans. Bioassays with this compound are generally carried out using artificial diets. Proteins of high energy value, such as casein, are important ingredients of insect artificial diets as a source of essential amino acids. However, such proteins can generally increase the allelochemical activity. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of rutin on larvae of the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner by incorporating this allelochemical into diets with different concentrations of casein. Three casein concentrations (0, 7 g, or 14 g) combined with none, 0.65 percent, or 1.30 percent of rutin were added to the rearing diet and offered to the larvae from hatching to pupation. Rutin negatively affected larval development, the amount of food consumed, and pupal weight of A. gemmatalis. These negative effects were clearly seen in insects fed on diets with 7 g of casein to which any concentration of rutin was added. The effects of rutin when added to the diets without casein were stronger than in diets containing a suitable amount of casein (14 g). The greater negative effects of rutin in diets containing suboptimal concentrations of casein indicate that casein can increase the effects of rutin only when the diets are nutritionally unsuitable for insect development.
Subject(s)
Animals , Caseins/administration & dosage , Lepidoptera/drug effects , Rutin/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug SynergismABSTRACT
The aggregation behavior of Phyllophaga cuyabana (Moser) was studied and the hypothesis that the cluster distribution of larvae of this pest into the soil is related to the sites where females from the previous generation had aggregated for mating was investigated. Field observations and greenhouse experiments carried out in Londrina County, State of Paraná, South Brazil, indicated that: a) during flight, adult females of P. cuyabana select plants, which are more conspicuous for landing and/or attracting males; b) tall plants, nearby soybean fields, might be preferred because female adults do not move far from the mating sites before digging themselves into the soil to lay eggs; c) high density of eggs and larvae occurs close to the adult aggregation sites. There is a negative correlation between larval density in the soil and distance from adult aggregation sites.
Foi estudado o comportamento de agregação de Phyllophaga cuyabana (Moser) e investigada a hipótese de que a distribuição agrupada das larvas dessa praga no solo está relacionada aos sítios onde as fêmeas da geração anterior se agregaram para acasalamento. Observações de campo e experimentos de casa-de-vegetação no estado do Paraná, indicaram que: a) durante a revoada, fêmeas adultas de P. cuyabana selecionam as plantas mais conspícuas para pousar e atrair os machos; b) plantas altas, próximas de lavouras de soja, podem ser preferidas uma vez que os adultos não se movem para longe dos sítios de acasalamento antes de se enterrarem no solo para ovipositar; c) altas densidades de ovos e larvas ocorrem próximas aos locais de agregação; d) há uma correlação negativa entre a densidade larval no solo e a distância dos sítios de agregação de adultos.