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SUMMARY: The integration of artificial intelligence in veterinary medical education has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn veterinary anatomy. ChatGPT, launched by OpenAI in November 2022, has been the fastest-growing artificial intelligence (AI) application as a learning tool in the past few months. ChatGPT is a virtual assistant that provides students with detailed and relevant anatomical knowledge based on internet sources. Apart from the advantages of ChatGPT in veterinary anatomy education, the challenges and limitations must also be considered, as highlighted in this letter. Further research and evaluation are necessary to ensure the optimal integration of the ChatGPT tool into veterinary anatomy education. ChatGPT can provide students with valuable insights and educational support but cannot replace hands-on experiences; dissection-based laboratory sessions remain essential for developing practical skills and spatial understanding in veterinary anatomy education.
La integración de la inteligencia artificial en la educación médica veterinaria tiene el potencial de revolucionar la forma en que los estudiantes aprenden anatomía veterinaria. ChatGPT, lanzado por OpenAI en noviembre de 2022, ha sido la aplicación de inteligencia artificial (IA) de más rápido crecimiento como herramienta de aprendizaje en los últimos meses. ChatGPT es un asistente virtual que brinda a los estudiantes conocimientos anatómicos detallados y relevantes basados en fuentes de Internet. Además de las ventajas de ChatGPT en la educación en anatomía veterinaria, también se deben considerar los desafíos y las limitaciones, como se destaca en esta carta. Se necesitan más investigaciones y evaluaciones para garantizar la integración óptima de la herramienta ChatGPT en la educación en anatomía veterinaria. ChatGPT puede proporcionar a los estudiantes información valiosa y apoyo educativo, pero no puede reemplazar las experiencias prácticas. Las sesiones de laboratorio basadas en disecciones siguen siendo esenciales para desarrollar habilidades prácticas y comprensión espacial en la educación de la anatomía veterinaria.
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Humans , Artificial Intelligence , Anatomy, Veterinary/educationABSTRACT
A lot of research is available on the effectiveness of search as an advertising channel. Most of these studies tend to treat a click on a search ad as a binary event. All of them study the events leading to the click. This paper goes beyond this to study the post click actions taken by a user subsequent to clicking on a search ad, and refers to those actions as depth of interaction, and testing the variables that have an effect on the nal outcome. We use a prescriptive research design employing binary logistic regression analysis. Results indicate that the duration of time spent, device used, and recency of visit have a very high positive effect on the nal outcome.
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Second-hand tobacco smoke as defined by WHO is the smoke emitted by a smoker or released from a burnt cigarette or any tobacco product. It is highly prevalent all over the globe but its serious health implications are often neglected by the public and the scientific community alike. Second-hand smoke has everlasting impact on all the body’s major organs, especially among the vulnerable population of children, pregnant ladies, people with chronic diseases and senior citizens. Although India started its war against this menace earlier than other counties, all its efforts remain bootless as its approach and implementation have a wide range of lacunae. This review aims to give a big picture of second-hand smoke, highlighting its pathophysiological changes in the body, socioeconomic impact, various strategies, and the gap that prevents these strategies from finding a favorable result in India. It becomes all the more important to reduce its impact owing to the increase in prevalence among youth reducing their vitality, derailing the society and the nation. It is recommended that the health authorities approach this health problem with utmost seriousness as a laid-back approach could welcome this silent killer’s known and unknown repercussions
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BACKGROUND As breast epithelium is affected by vitamin D, it may have a direct effect on breast density and the risk of breast cancer. Our aim was to study the serum levels of vitamin D in patients with malignant and benign breast disease, and to study the association, if any, between vitamin D levels, mammographic breast density (MD) and molecular subtypes of breast cancer. METHODS In this cross-sectional, observational study, we enrolled 162 consecutive adult women with benign and malignant breast masses subjected to mammography and core-needle biopsy. Serum levels of vitamin D were estimated and correlated with MD and with immunohistochemical subtyping of breast cancer. RESULTS The mean vitamin D level in these 162 patients was 12.44 (5.88) ng/ml, with vitamin D deficiency seen in 98%. The mean (SD) vitamin D level in MD type 1 was 16.19 (4.62) ng/ml and it decreased to 7.54 (2.58) ng/ml in MD type 4. High MD was associated with significantly lower vitamin D levels. The mean vitamin D level in patients with benign breast disease (n=102) was 13.73 (5.68) ng/ml, while it was significantly lower in patients with breast cancer (n=60) at 10.26 (5.61) ng/ml. Among patients with breast cancer, the good prognosis luminal A molecular subtype had mean vitamin D level of 12.94 (6.16) ng/ml, whereas the poor prognosis triple-negative subtype had a significantly lower value of 7.68 (3.42) ng/ml. CONCLUSION Our study shows that vitamin D deficiency has a significant relationship with breast cancer (v. benign breast disease), high MD (showing increased breast cancer risk) and poor prognosis triple-negative breast cancer. Vitamin D deficiency could be an important, potentially modifiable, risk factor for the prevention of breast cancer in susceptible populations.
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SUMMARY: Consecutive waves of the COVID-19 pandemic made teaching and learning tasks harder for veterinary anatomy faculties and students worldwide compared to the prepandemic scenario. Online teaching has been triggered across several countries as a precautionary measure against COVID-19. Educational institutions are looking towards online learning platforms to continue educating the students, as many veterinary institutes have been shut down due to COVID-19. As with most teaching methods, online learning also has its own set of positives and negatives. This letter aims to highlight the pros and cons of online veterinary anatomy education in the COVID-19 pandemic period. In conclusion, prepandemic teaching has been effective and adaptable for veterinary anatomy students for a better learning process, whereas online teaching has major cons over a few pros.
RESUMEN: Las oleadas consecutivas de la pandemia COVID-19 han dificultado las tareas de enseñanza y aprendizaje para las facultades de anatomía veterinaria y para los estudiantes de todo el mundo en comparación con el escenario prepandémico. Se ha activado en varios países la enseñanza en línea como medida de precaución durante la crisis de la COVID-19. Las instituciones educacionales están buscando plataformas de aprendizaje en línea para continuar la enseñanza de los alumnos, debido a que muchos institutos veterinarios se han cerrado. Como ocurre con la mayoría de los métodos de enseñanza, el aprendizaje en línea también tiene su propio conjunto de aspectos positivos y negativos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo resaltar las ventajas y desventajas de la educación en anatomía veterinaria en línea en el período de la pandemia de la COVID-19. En conclusión, la enseñanza prepandemia ha sido eficaz y adaptable para los estudiantes de anatomía veterinaria para lograr un proceso mejor de aprendizaje, mientras que la enseñanza en línea tiene mayores desventajas.
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Humans , Education, Distance , COVID-19 , Anatomy, Veterinary/education , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: As the world is struggling to cope with SARS-CoV-2, the aetiological agent of COVID-19, which has led to a global pandemic defying the geographical borders and putting the lives of billions at risk (Priyanka et al., 2020), the most critical question that remains to be elucidated by the faculty of education is whether the virtual mode of teaching will continue or we will be back to the pre-COVID scenario of teaching and learning. Being an assistant professor teaching veterinary anatomy to the students enrolled in the first-year Bachelor of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry (B.V.Sc. & A.H.), I felt it essential to comment on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on anatomical education (Franchi, 2020) in India. The present situation of virtual education may impact the future of current veterinary students as practically they can't be sound just depending on theories.
RESUMEN: Mientras el mundo lucha por hacer frente al SARS-CoV-2, el agente etiológico del COVID-19, que ha provocado una pandemia mundial que desafía las fronteras geográficas y pone en riesgo la vida de miles de millones (Priyanka et al., 2020), la pregunta más crítica que deben dilucidar los docentes de la educación, es si la modalidad virtual de enseñanza continuará o volveremos al escenario pre-COVID de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Siendo profesor asistente de anatomía veterinaria, como docente de los estudiantes matriculados en el primer año de Licenciatura en Ciencias Veterinarias y Ganadería (BVSc. & AH), sentí que era esencial comentar sobre el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en la educación anatómica en India (Franchi, 2020). La situación actual de la educación virtual puede afectar el futuro de los estudiantes de veterinaria actuales, ya que prácticamente no pueden contar con conocimientos sólidos dependiendo de las teorías.
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Animals , COVID-19 , Anatomy, Veterinary/education , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Abstract One nuclear male sterile (NMS) line of chilli pepper and eight elite inbred lines of bell pepper were evaluated in a line × tester mating design to project heterotic F1's through studying plant growth and yield performance of developed hybrids in relation to phenotypic distance between their parental lines. Hybrids and their parental lines were grown and evaluated under poly-net house conditions at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India during the years 2017-2019. Pooled over the year, mean squares (MS) due to genotypes was recorded significant (p=0.05) for all the traits studied, suggesting that there existed significant differences among the genotypic means that included nine parental lines and their eight F1 hybrids. The MS due to the G × Y interaction effects were also significantly different for plant growth and fruit traits, indicating differential response of each genotype in the year. On the basis of heterotic performance, the hybrids namely MS-12 × PAU SM-31 had positive significant mid-parent heterosis (MPH) for total fruit yield plant-1 (96.68**), number of fruits plant-1 (51.98**), pericarp thickness (47.91**), fruit length (25.77**), and plant height (63.35**). Apart from this cross-combination, the hybrids MS-12 × PAU SM-3 and MS-12 × PAU SM-9 also depicted MPH for total fruit yield plant-1 (71.22** and 50.64**), fruit length (41.98** and 68.09**) and number of fruits plant-1 (27.60** and 44.73**). Based on better parent heterosis (BPH), the hybrid MS-12 × PAU SM-31 was found to be superior in respect of total fruit yield plant-1 (36.37**) and pericarp thickness (11.27**). These hybrids seem to be the utmost valuable materials for the future breeding program of bell pepper.
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Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of radiotherapy doses on mineral density and percentage mineral volume of human permanent tooth enamel. Materials and Methods: Synchrotron radiation Xray microcomputed tomography (SRμCT) and microhardness testing were carried out on 8 and 20 tooth samples, respectively. Enamel mineral density was derived from SRμCT technique using ImageJ software. Microhardness samples were subjected to Vickers indentations followed by calculation of microhardness and percentage mineral volume values using respective mathematical measures. Data were analyzed using paired t-test at a significance level of 5%. Qualitative analysis of the enamel microstructure was done with two-dimensional projection images and scanned electron micrographs using μCT and field emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Results: Vickers microhardness and SRμCT techniques showed a decrease in microhardness and an increase in mineral density, respectively, in postirradiated samples. These changes were related to mineral density variation and alteration of hydroxyapatite crystal lattice in enamel surface. Enamel microstructure showed key features such as microporosities and loss of smooth homogeneous surface. These indicate tribological loss and delamination of enamel which might lead to radiation caries. Conclusions: Tooth surface loss might be a major contributing factor for radiation caries in head-and-neck cancer patients prescribed to radiotherapy. Such direct effects of radiotherapy cause enamel abrasion, delamination, and damage to the dentinoenamel junction. Suitable measures should, therefore, be worked out to protect nontarget oral tissues such as teeth while delivering effective dosages to target regions
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The binturong or bearcat is the largest species of the family Viverridae. It is uncommon in much of its range and has been assessed as vulnerable on the IUCN red list. The size of the head was small, narrow and light in proportion to the body. The skull of the binturong was dolichocephalic as per the cephalic index (56.25). There was no prominent internasal suture and the orbits were incomplete with optic foramen present near the ventral surface. The mean skull length, skull width, skull base length, cranial length, cranial width, cranial height, were 14.95±0.10 cm, 8.47±0.10 cm, 15.07±0.02 cm, 11.16±0.09 cm, 6.56±0.11 cm, 3.16±0.08 cm, respectively. The mean facial length, facial width, maxilla length, maxilla height, distance between infraorbital foramen, diameter of infraorbital foramina, nasal length, nasal width were 4.95±0.08 cm, 6.14±0.12 cm, 4.46±0.01 cm, 3.83±0.02 cm, 4.68±0.10 cm, 0.49±0.07 cm, 2.94±0.03 cm, 1.97±0.11 cm, respectively. Scanty literature available on morphological and morphometrical studies of the skull of binturong. Therefore this present study was aimed to establish a morphometric database that will eventually guide the use of these measurements for diagnosis and treating different disorders
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Background: Dengue, an endemic disease in most subtropical and tropical regions of the world and it causes severe epidemics in India. Dengue is one of the most common acute viral illness associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to study laboratory findings and clinical profile of patients with dengue fever at a tertiary care hospital of coaching city Kota.Methods: This study was cross sectional study. The patients were examined at one point of time and later they were never followed which is similar to the cross-sectional study design. A total of 100 patients of dengue fever who were NS1 Antigen or IgM dengue positive, admitted to department of medicine of government medical college, Kota included in the study. Through clinical examination and relevant laboratory investigations performed in all patients.Results: In the present study, there were 74 males and 26 females. The sex ratio was 2.8:1. Maximum number of males (50%) was in the age group of 15-25 Years. Among females the maximum (42.3%) were in the age group of 15-25 years. The most common presenting symptom was fever in all cases followed by headache in 96%. Among bleeding manifestation, Epistaxis, gum bleeding and melena (24%) were the common symptom. 47% patients showed hepatomegaly and 38% showed splenomegaly. 12% patients were anemic and 51% showed leucopenia while 93% showed thrombocytopenia.Conclusions: Males were commonly affected. Young age group of 15-25 was more commonly affected. Fever and headache were the most common presenting symptom. As dengue causes increased morbidity and mortality and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment for the proper management of these cases, this study helps physicians in early diagnosis of dengue by suspecting the features as of dengue and can prevent morbidity and mortality associated with dengue.
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Background: Deficiency of Vitamin D is a prominent health problem globally and its severity is significant in countries like India regardless of age, gender, race and geographical distribution. It is presently the most untreated nutritional deficiency worldwide. Vitamin D during pregnancy has an increasingly recognized range of functions such as' immune modulation, lung development etc. Hence, having the potential to' influence many factors in the developing fetus. Effects of vitamin D deficiency on fetal health is abundant; some being for brief period' of' time' and others may become apparent in later life. Objectives of this study the pattern of vitamin D deficiency in newborns with reference to its gestational age and birth weight.Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective observational study. Total 100 neonates born at MMIMSR, Ambala were enrolled out of which 50 were term and 50 preterm.Results: Out of 100 newborns delivered, 53 newborns were vitamin D deficient. Premature' newborns having 32 (60%) and term newborn having 21 (40%) were found to be deficient in vitamin D. Mean 25 (OH) levels were 21.81 ng/dl.Conclusions: More than half newborns were deficient in vitamin D. Premature newborns had relatively low levels as compared to the term newborns and the' difference' between' two were found' statistically significant.
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The current study was carried out to examine in-vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm efficacy of Peppermint essential oil (PEO) for its potential application in meat products. Antimicrobial activity was measured by using zone inhibition assay (ZOI) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against ten food borne pathogens including four Gram-positive viz. Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and six Gram-negative viz. Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa whereas antioxidant assay was measured using 1,1 diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2- azinobis-3 ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Maximum zone size was observed for Proteus mirabilis whereas, MIC values ranged from 5000-20000 ppm for all tested organisms. The oil was found to be more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Antibiofilm activity (%) was also performed against pure cultures of two pathogens i.e. Listeria monocytogenes and Proteus mirabilis as positive control. The results exhibited that with application of PEO, biofilm formation of both Listeria monocytogenes and Proteus mirabilis was inhibited by 45.80% and 73.01%, respectively in contrast to their respective controls. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of PEO was measured at five different concentrations and values were ranging from 17.24-49.07% for ABTS whereas 35.16 – 60.70% for DPPH under investigation. It can be concluded that peppermint essential oil possesses potent antimicrobial, antioxidant and antibiofilm activity and can be further used as a natural alternative for preservation in meat industry
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S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases (MTases) are involved in diverse cellularfunctions. These enzymes show little sequence conservation but have a conserved structural fold. The DNAMTases have characteristic motifs that are involved in AdoMet binding, DNA target recognition and catalysis.Motif III of these MTases have a highly conserved acidic residue, often an aspartate, whose functionalsignificance is not clear. Here, we report a mutational study of the residue in the b family MTase of the Type IIIrestriction-modification enzyme EcoP15I. Replacement of this residue by alanine affects its methylationactivity. We propose that this residue contributes to the affinity of the enzyme for AdoMet. Analysis of thestructures of DNA, RNA and protein MTases reveal that the acidic residue is conserved in all of them, andinteracts with N6 of the adenine moiety of AdoMet. Interestingly, in the SET-domain protein lysine MTases,which have a fold different from other AdoMet-dependent MTases, N6 of the adenine moiety is hydrogenbonded to the main chain carbonyl group of the histidine residue of the highly conserved motif III. Our studyreveals the evolutionary conservation of a carbonyl group in DNA, RNA and protein AdoMet-dependentMTases for specific interaction by hydrogen bond with AdoMet, despite the lack of overall sequenceconservation
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Objective@#Schizophrenia is a serious disease characterized by impairment in the perception or expression of reality, leading to occupational and social dysfunction. The use of antipsychotic medication is now universal in the first-line treatment of schizophrenia. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of asenapine with a standard atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine in treating this disease. @*Methods@#It was designed as a single blind, randomized, controlled, parallel group, single centre Phase IV trial of a newer atypical antipsychotic, asenapine versus existing standard atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine. Total 80 subjects were enrolled as per eligibility criteria.Each recruited subject received daily treatment with the trial medication (Olanzapine 10 mg or Asenapine 10 mg daily) for duration of 12 weeks. BPRS, CGI-S, CGI-I, Laboratory parameters and compliance was assessed and analyzed. Continuous variables were compared by t test and non-parametric data was analyzed by Mann−Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Likely categorical variables were analyzed by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. @*Results@#The duration of schizophrenia at presentation was comparable in both the treatment groups. There was significant reduction of BPRS score between any two visits of each treatment groups. The decline in CGI-S and CGI-I scores was statistically significant (p ＜ 0.001) when compared between visits of any of the both treatment arms.Adherence to treatment was excellent for all patients. @*Conclusion@#Newer atypical antipsychotic asenapine is more effective than standard olanzapine in reducing the symptoms of schizophrenia in this study and further larger studies are to be done.
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The aim of the research was to investigate the gross morphological, histological and histochemical structure of epididymis in local pig of Mizoram. The epididymis was collected from six apparently healthy adult Zovawk pigs. The epididymis appeared as a straight elongated tubular structure with reddish-white colour comprises of three regions; head, body and tail. The biometrical parameter including the weight, length and thickness (head, body and tail) were found to be higher in the left side of epididymis than the right side. Histologically, the duct of epididymis was surrounded by irregularly arranged tissue. The parenchyma of epididymis consists of tubules with distinct boundaries of connective tissues. The collagen and reticular fibers were abundant in tunica albuginea and connective tissue present between the tubules. However, few elastic fibers occurred in the capsule and only in the blood vessels in both the left and right epididymis of Zovawk pig. Histochemical studies revealed that basement membrane of tubules, blood vessels and stereocilia shows strong Periodic acid Schiff activity, whereas the basement membrane of tubules and stereocilia showed more concentration of acidic mucopolysaccharides. This is the first study to provide the detailed morphological, histological and histochemical structure of Zovawk epididymis
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The Malayan sun bear is the smallest of the eight bear species. The aim of the research was to investigate the morphological and applied anatomical characteristics of the head region of the Malayan sun bear. The size of the head is large, broad and heavy in proportion to the body. The skull of the Malayan sun bear was mesocephalic according to the cephalic index (80.48). The skull length, skull width, cranial length and maximum skull height was 21.47 cm, 17.28 cm, 17.81 cm and 9.40 cm, respectively. The nasal length, nasal perpendicular height, nasal horizontal-transverse width and nasal circumference were 3.59 cm, 3.50 cm, 3.20 cm and 10.52 cm, respectively. The length and height of the mandible were 14.65 cm and 7.09 cm, respectively. There is no literature available on the regional applied anatomy of maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Malayan sun bear. Therefore, this study was designed to provide information on morphological and applied anatomical studies on the head region of the Malayan sun bear. This is the first detailed study to provide morphological characteristics of the head region of Malayan sun bear and this information will aid the clinicians in the application of regional anaesthesia in Malayan sun bear
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Constantly rising energy demands, finite fossil fuel reserves and deteriorating environmental conditions have invokedworldwide interest to explore the sustainable sources of renewable biofuels. Locally adapted photosynthetic oleaginousmicroalgae with rapid growth on variable temperatures could be an ideal way for bioremediating the wastewater (WW) whileproducing the feedstock for biodiesel. To test this notion, an unknown strain was isolated from a sewage fed lake (Neela-Hauz).It was discerned as Chlorella sorokiniana-I using the 16S rDNA and 18S rDNA barcodes. The culture conditions such as pH,illumination, different temperature ranges and growth medium were cohesively optimized prior to the assessment of C.sorokiniana-I’s efficacy to remediate the WW and biodiesel production. The strain has thrived well up to 40C when continuously grown for 15 days. The highest lipid accumulation and biomass productivity were recorded in 100% WW. Fatty acidmethyl ester (FAME) content was observed to be more than twice in WW (47%), compared to control synthetic media, TAP(20%) and BG11 (10%), which indicate the importance of this new isolate for producing economically viable biodiesel.Moreover, it is highly efficient in removing the total nitrogen (77%), total phosphorous (81%), iron (67%) and calcium (42%)from the WW. The quality of WW was considerably improved by reducing the overall chemical oxygen demand (48%),biological oxygen demand (47%) and alkalinity (15%). Thus, C. sorokiniana-I could be an ideal alga for the tropical countriesin the remediation of WW while producing feedstock for biodiesel in a cost-effective manner.
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The present study was conducted to study consumption pattern, awareness and hygienic practices adopted for meat and its products in different zones of Ludhiana city through contact survey method. A bilingual (Punjabi and English) questionnaire/interview schedule comprising questions related to meat consumption, processing pattern, awareness of consumers regarding type of meat and hygiene was designed. A total sample size of 800 respondents (256 females + 544 males) was taken for the survey by dividing Ludhiana city into four hypothetical zones, namely; Zone I, II, III and IV by using a random sampling method. The effect of zone of sampling revealed that people from Zone I preferred cold processing while those from zones II, III and IV preferred hot processing of meat. People from the entire four zones were not aware of the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA) in meat industry. Irrespective of the zones, the people were not aware of the government policies for meat production and export in India. The respondents from zone I were comparatively adopting hygienic practices in meat processing than all other zones. It could be concluded that consumers are still not aware about meat processing and hygienic considerations and there is a dire need to educate them about different food laws
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Background: Very little scientifically based information is available on cause-specific mortality rates of diarrhoea among all regions and populations wherein an inequitable proportion exits in low-income households, which have fewer resources and less knowledge to manage burden than high-income households. The strategic purpose of the study is to identify gaps in care seeking in order to make changes in approach to address these gaps either directly by working with the community and by doing area specific advocacy to improve service delivery through government channels.Methods: The study was conducted in nine locations (6 rural and 3 urban) of India. The ethical and confidentiality parameters of conducting verbal autopsies were followed and random sampling methodology was adapted.Results: Respondents of our study attributed 22% deaths to diarrhoea. From the study, it is revealed that children who passed stool for 5 or more number of times in a day are more likely to die 1.5 times than the children who passed stool for 3 times a day. Children having diarrhoea for 5 days or more than 5 days are more likely to die 1.6 times in comparison to the children who have had diarrhoea for 3 days. Approximately seven of the ten children died within five days of treatment.Conclusions: Information on diarrheal diseases, its determinants in India and preventive and control strategies in light of recent developments need to be reviewed for better planning and organization of health services within the community.