ABSTRACT
Objectives : To study the biometric measurements of the submandibular salivary gland in the Indian population using Computed Tomography. Materials and Methods : From the available database, 300 patients who have undergone Computed Tomography without any salivary gland disease, the CT scans were retrospectively evaluated. The CT scans were obtained with TOSHIBA Activion 16 slice CT machine. The antero-posterior, transverse and cranio-caudal dimensions of bilateral submandibular salivary glands were measured in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes. Results : The mean CT measurements of the patients included was 2.0 ± 0.38 cm in Antero-posterior, 2.1 ± 0.31 cm in Transverse and 2.90 ± 0.27 cm in Cranio-caudal dimensions. The average volume of the submandibular gland was 6.68 ± 0.21 cc.
ABSTRACT
Variations seen in the femoral vein include duplication or multiple veins. We came across a case of femoral vein variation during dissection for undergraduates. There was bilateral duplication of femoral vein in the adductor canal. The presence of femoral vein duplication has potential influence on misdiagnosis of deep venous thrombosis by duplex ultrasound scanning. Femoral veins are also suitable vascular substitutes in infected prosthetic grafts and in infra-inguinal bypass surgery.
ABSTRACT
Undescended testes or cryptorchidism in the most common congenital anomaly of male reproductive system. The descent is multifactorial with gubernaculums playing major role. The failure of descent can be at trans-abdominal or inguino-scrotal phase. Locating undescended testes is important in view of low fertility and high rate of occurrence of neoplasm in them. Ultrasound is the standard imaging technique of choice in children with a non-palpable testis as it is non-invasive and does not use ionizing radiation. Position of testis is also important in deciding whether patient will need abdominal or inguinal exploration. The aim was to study the position of undescended testes by high frequency ultrasound and its embryonic explanation. Total 41 boys with undescended testes underwent high frequency ultrasound. The location of testis was noted followed by its size and echotexture. Thirty patients had unilateral and 11 had bilateral undescended testes. The prevalence was more on right side (16 out of 30). Out of total 52, 46 (88 percent testis were located by ultrasound. Six (12 percent) testes could not be located. Five (10 percent) were retractile testes. Out of remaining 41, 26 (63 percent) were located in inguinal canal and 15 (37 percent) were located in abdomen. Out of 15 abdominal testes 9 were located just proximal to inguinal canal and 6 were located in deep pelvis. High frequency ultrasound was able to locate the position of undescended testes in majority (88 percent of the cases...
La criptorquidia o testículos no descendidos es la anomalía congénita más común del sistema reproductivo masculino. El descenso es multifactorial, donde el gubernaculum testis juega un rol fundamental. El fracaso de descenso puede ocurrir en fase trans-abdominal o inguino-escrotal. Conocer la localización de los testículos no descendidos es importante en vista de la baja fertilidad y alta tasa de incidencia de neoplasia en ellos. La ecografía es la técnica imagenológica estándar y de elección en niños con testículos no palpables, ya que no es invasiva y no utiliza radiación ionizante. La posición del testículo también es importante para decidir si el paciente necesita exploración abdominal o inguinal. El objetivo fue estudiar la posición de los testículos no descendidos por ultrasonido de alta frecuencia y su explicación embrionaria. Un total de 41 niños con testículos no descendidos se sometieron a ultrasonido de alta frecuencia. Se estudió la ubicación, tamaño y ecotextura del testículo no descendido. Treinta pacientes presentaron el testículo no descendido de manera unilateral y 11 bilateral. La prevalencia fue mayor en el lado derecho (16 de 30). Del total de 52 de testículos, 46 (88 por ciento) fueron localizados por ultrasonido. Seis (12 por ciento) no pudieron ser localizados. Cinco (10 por ciento) fueron testículos retráctiles. De los 41 testículos no descendidos, 26 (63 por ciento) se localizaron en el canal inguinal y 15 (37 por ciento) en el abdomen. De los 15 en posición abdominal, 9 se encontraron justo proximal al canal inguinal y 6 en la pelvis profunda. El ultrasonido de alta frecuencia fue capaz de localizar la posición de los testículos no descendidos en la mayoría (88 por ciento) de los casos...