ABSTRACT
Intrauterine life is one of the most important periods of life. As the development of the fetus continues, the mechanisms that affect adult health also begin to mature. With the hypothesis denoted “fetal programming,” it is thought that the presence of endocrinological disorders, toxins, infectious agents, the nutritional status of a mother, and nutrients related to placental functionality all have an effect on future life. Therefore, the fetus must adapt to the environment for survival. These adaptations may be involved the redistribution of metabolic, hormonal, or cardiac outputs in an effort to protect the brain, which is one of the important organs, as well as the slowing of growth to meet nutritional requirements. Unlike lifestyle changes or treatments received in adult life, the early developmental period tends to have a lasting effect on the structure and functionality of the body. In this review, fetal programming and the effects of fetal programming are discussed.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Microvascular anastomosis patency is adversely affected by local and systemic factors. Impaired intimal recovery and endothelial mechanisms promoting thrombus formation at the anastomotic site are common etiological factors of reduced anastomosis patency. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a catechin derivative belonging to the flavonoid subgroup and is present in green tea (Camellia sinensis). This study investigated the effects of EGCG on the structure of vessel tips used in microvascular anastomoses and evaluated its effects on thrombus formation at an anastomotic site. METHODS: Thirty-six adult male Wistar albino rats were used in the study. The right femoral artery was cut and reanastomosed. The rats were divided into two groups (18 per group) and were systemically administered either EGCG or saline. Each group were then subdivided into three groups, each with six rats. Axial histological sections were taken from segments 1 cm proximal and 1 cm distal to the microvascular anastomosis site on days 5, 10, and 14. RESULTS: Thrombus formation was significantly different between the EGCG and control groups on day 5 (P=0.015) but not on days 10 or 14. The mean luminal diameter was significantly greater in the EGCG group on days 5 (P=0.002), 10 (P=0.026), and 14 (P=0.002). Intimal thickening was significantly higher on days 5 (P=0.041) and 10 (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: EGCG showed vasodilatory effects and led to reduced early thrombus formation after microvascular repair. Similar studies on venous anastomoses and random or axial pedunculated skin flaps would also contribute valuable findings relevant to this topic.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Catechin , Femoral Artery , Microsurgery , Oxidants , Phenobarbital , Skin , Tea , Thrombosis , VasodilationABSTRACT
Submission to journals takes a lot of time and format related submission requirements vary greatly from one journal to another. Lack of time and motivation in academia reduces scientific outputs and demotivates researchers. Author-based journal selection system [ABJSS] is a platform for pooling manuscripts conceived to minimize the time spent for manuscript submission and to increase scientific output. The system will provide two types of account: "Author" and "Journal Administrator". Each account type will have its own abilities and permissions. The ABJJS system is an ongoing project that will be designed in cooperation with IT experts and academicians and it will be presented to the scientific world as soon as it secures sufficient support