Glutathione and IGF-1 in bovine seminal cryopreservation: oxidative stress response and pregnancy rate / [Glutationa e IGF-1 na criopreservação seminal bovina: resposta do estresse oxidativo e taxa de gestação]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of conception, metabolic, and structural conditions of cryopreserved bovine sperm cells, plus extender with IGF-1 and glutathione (GSH). 12 ejaculations of Nelore bulls were used, submitted to treatments: control, gSH (2mM/mL), IGF-1 (100ng/mL) and gSH (1mM/mL) + IGF-1 (50ng/mL). After cryopreservation and thawing the semen passed the fast thermo resistance test (TTR), plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity (PIAI), mitochondrial membrane potential (AP), oxidative stress, and conception rate. Tukey test was used for the statistical analysis of the parametric variables and the Friedman test for nonparametric. The gestation percentage was compared by the Chi-square test. There was no statistical difference (P<0.05) between treatments for the TTRr variable. Otherwise in the oxidative stress evaluated with the CellROX probe was noted that the IGF-1 showed the highest number of reactive cells (P<0.05). The PIAI, AP and gestation rate showed no difference among treatments (P>0.05), with an average of conceptions of 36.58%. It is concluded that IGF-1, gSH and their association did not cause changes in sperm motility, mitochondrial potential, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity. IGF-1 increased oxidative stress, however, there was no difference in the gestation rate among the treatments.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a taxa de concepção, as condições metabólicas e estrutural das células espermáticas bovinas criopreservadas, acrescidas de diluidores com fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina do tipo 1(IGF-1) e glutationa (GSH). Foram utilizados 12 ejaculados de touros da raça Nelore, submetidos aos tratamentos: controle, gSH (2mM/mL), IGF-1 (100ng/mL) e gSH (1mM/mL) + IGF-1 (50ng/mL). Após a criopreservação e descongelação, o sêmen passou pelos testes de termorresistência rápida (TTRr), integridade de membrana plasmática e acrossomal (PIAI), alto potencial mitocondrial (AP), estresse oxidativo e taxa de concepção. Utilizou-se o teste de Tukey para as análises estatísticas das variáveis paramétricas e o teste de Friedman para as não paramétricas, com significância de 5%. A percentagem de gestação foi comparada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Não hove diferença estatística (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos para a variável TTRr. Já no estresse oxidativo avaliado com a sonda CellROX, observou-se que o IGF-1 apresentou maior quantidade de células reativas (P<0,05), 36,38± 24,10. A PIAI, o AP e a taxa de gestação não apresentaram diferença entre tratamentos (P>0,05), com média de concepções de 36,58%. Conclui-se que o IGF-1, a gSH e a sua associação não causaram mudanças na motilidade espermática, no potencial mitocondrial, na integridade da membrana plasmática e acrossomal. O IGF-1 aumentou o estresse oxidativo, porém sem diferença na taxa de gestação entre os tratamentos.(AU)

Comparación de perfil lipídico por sexo y edad en una población de equinos en Caldas (Colombia) / Comparison of lipid profile by sex and age in an equine population in Caldas (Colombia)

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el perfil lipídico en equinos y analizar la correlación entre las cantidades lipídicas del suero de cuatro grupos. Materiales y Métodos: se obtuvieron muestras de sangre de 160 equinos en estado de ayuno, los cuales se diferenciaron por sexo y edad sin discriminar la raza así: machos jóvenes (40) y adultos (40), y hembras jóvenes (40) y adultas (40), las hembras no estaban preñadas; se determinaron los niveles de triglicéridos (TG), colesterol total (CT) y el colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL) mediante el método enzimático colorimétrico. El colesterol de las lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (C-VLDL) y de baja densidad (C-LDL) se determinó usando las fórmulas de Friedewald. Los resultados se compararon mediante un análisis estadístico de Anova simple con el programa estadístico IBM SPSS Statistics 23®, donde se aceptaba diferencia estadísticamente significativa cuando p < 0,05. Resultados: las variables de CT, TG, C-HDL, C-LDL y C-VLDL del total de la población de acuerdo a la media y desviación estándar mostraron valores expresados en mg/dl de 100,3 ± 12,89; 45,59 ± 11,95; 62,03 ± 10,88; 27,91 ± 6,48; 9,11 ± 2. Al comparar los 4 grupos se encontró diferencia significativa en el C-HDL en los adultos (p-valor: 0,031), siendo mayor en las hembras adultas. Conclusiones: se presenta una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre género para C-HDL siendo más alto en hembras adultas, mientras que para el resto de los elementos analizados (TG, CT, C-LDL, C-VLDL) no se encontró diferencia significativa entre género y edad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the lipid profile in equines and to analyze the correlation bet-ween serum lipid amounts of four groups. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 160 horses in the fasting state, they were differentiated by sex and age without discriminating race as follows: young (40) and adult males (40) and young (40) and adult females (40), the females were not pregnant; the levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. Very low density (C-VLDL) and low density (LDL-C) lipoprotein cholesterol was determined using the Friedewald formula. The results were compared using a statistical analysis of SIMPLE ANOVA with the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics 23®, where a statistically significant difference was accepted when P < 0.05. Results: The variables of CT, TG, C-HDL, C-LDL and C-VLDL of the total population according to mean and standard deviation showed values expressed in mg/dl of100.3 ± 12.89; 45.59 ± 11.95; 62.03 ± 10.88; 27.91 ± 6.48; 9.11 ± 2. When comparing the 4 groups we found a significant difference in HDL-C in adults (p-value: 0.031), being higher in adult females. Conclusions: a statistically significant difference between genotype for HDL-C was found to be higher in adult females, whereas for the rest of the analyzed elements (TG, CT, C-LDL, C-VLDL) no significant difference between gender and age was found.

Media preferences, micro-morphometric analysis, and cardinal growth temperature determination for Phytophthora infestans sensu lato isolated from different hosts in Colombia / Preferências de mídia, análise micro-morfométricos e determinação da temperature cardeal de crescimento para Phytophthora infestans sensu lato isolada de diferentes hospedeiros na Colômbia

Abstract During the last years Phytophthora infestans sensu lato (Mont. De Bary) has caused epidemics in Colombia in Andean fruit crops such as Solanum quitoense and Solanum betaceum. Establishment of new or modified experimental procedures to study this pathogen is a mandatory subject for scientists. Twelve isolates of Phytophthora spp. obtained from six different Solanum hosts in Colombia were used to evaluate the effect of five different solid media for growth and ability to produce sporangia and liberate zoospores. Determination of the best media culture and optimal growth temperature were necessary to perform measurements and correlate the provenance of isolates with phenotypic traits. Modifications were made to use ingredients available in local markets on the following media: lime bean agar (LBA), Tree tomato or tree tomato agar (TA), carrot agar (AZ), Rye A modified agar and 32% non-clarified V8 agar. Cardinal temperature determination was performed at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. Morphometric traits were measured once the optimal media culture and temperature were defined. Correlation analysis showed that there is a relationship between the host and isolate's preferences for media culture and optimal growth temperature. In addition, the production of characteristic sporangia, sporangiophore and mycelia was related with the media type used and host from which the isolate was collected. In this work useful information was provided to make studies about the biology and development of isolates gathered from cultivated and wild non-traditional hosts.

Resumo Durante os últimos anos Phytophthora infestans sensu lato causou epidemias na Colômbia em lavouras de frutos andinos, como Solanum quitoense e Solanum betaceum. Estabelecimento de procedimentos experimentais novos ou modificados para estudar este patógeno é um assunto obrigatório para os cientistas. Doze isolados de Phytophthora spp. obtidos de seis diferentes hosts Solanum na Colômbia foram usados para avaliar o efeito de cinco diferentes mídias sólidas para o crescimento e a capacidade de produzir esporângios e libertar zoósporos. Determinação da melhor cultura de mídia e temperatura de crescimento ideal foram necessárias para realizar medições e correlacionar a proveniência de isolados com traços fenotípica. Foram feitas modificações para usar os ingredientes disponíveis nos mercados locais nos seguintes meios: ágar do feijão de cal (LBA), tomate da árvore ou ágar do tomate da árvore (TA), ágar da cenoura (AZ), centeio um ágar modificado e 32% de ágar-V8 não-esclarecido. A determinação da temperatura Cardeal foi realizada em 10, 15, 20 e 25 °C. Traços morfométricos foram medidos uma vez que a cultura de mídia ideal e temperatura foram definidos. Análise de correlação mostrou que há uma relação entre o hospedeiro e isolar as preferências para a cultura de mídia e temperatura de crescimento ideal. Além disso, a produção de esporângios característica, esporangióforo e mycelia foi relacionada com o tipo de mídia utilizado e hospedeiros a partir do qual o isolado foi coletado. Neste trabalho foram fornecidas informações úteis para fazer estudos sobre a biologia e o desenvolvimento de isolados recolhidos de hospedeiros não-tradicionais cultivados e selvagens.

Comparación de lípidos sanguíneos entre pollos de engorde y gallinas ponedoras / Blood lipid comparison between broilers and laying hens

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los niveles séricos del colesterol total, triglicéridos, colesterol de la lipoproteína de alta densidad y colesterol de la lipoproteína de baja densidad entre pollos de engorde y gallinas ponedoras. Se recolectó sangre después de ayuno de 30 pollos de engorde de la línea Cobb 500 de 35 días de edad y de 40 gallinas ponedoras de la línea Hy-Line W-36 de 26 semanas. Se midieron los niveles séricos de triglicéridos y colesterol total mediante métodos enzimáticos colorimétricos, mientras que para determinar el colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta y de baja densidad se usó el método directo [detergente + N,Nbis(4-sulfobutil)-m-toluidina]. Los datos se analizaron medieante ANOVA simple usando el paquete estadístico Statgraphics® Plus 5.1. Se presentaron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) entre los pollos de engorde y las gallinas ponedoras en los niveles séricos de los triglicéridos (21.4 vs. 759.6 mg/dL, respectivamente) y en los niveles de colesterol de la lipoproteína de alta densidad (93.1 vs. 64.6 mg/dL, respectivamente). No se encontraron diferencias significativas (P > 0,05) para el colesterol total (125.1 and 137.0 mg/dL, respectivamente) ni para los niveles de colesterol de la lipoproteína de baja densidad (52.2 and 48.2 mg/dL, respectivamente). Los resultados del presente estudio muestran que aunque hubo diferencias de sexo, edad, madurez sexual y sistemas de producción, no se encontraron diferencias en los niveles séricos de colesterol total o en los niveles de colesterol de la lipoproteína de baja densidad entre pollos de engorde y gallinas ponedoras. La diferencia en la concentración de triglicéridos, es debida al transporte de lípidos hacia el ovario en las gallinas ponedoras.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to compare total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels between broiler chickens and laying hens. Whole blood was collected after fasting from 30, 35-day-old broiler chickens (Cobb 500 line) and 40, 26-week-old laying hens (Hy-Line line W-36). The serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods, while a direct method [detergent + N,N-Bis(4- sulfobutyl)-m-toluidine] was used to determine the low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Data were analyzed by simple ANOVA using the statistics package Statgraphics® Plus 5.1. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between broiler chickens and laying hens in serum triglycerides (21.4 vs. 759.6 mg/dL, respectively) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (93.1 vs.64.6 mg/dL, respectively). No significant differences were found for total cholesterol (125.1 and 137.0 mg/dL, respectively) or low-density liprotein cholesterol levels (52.2 and 48.2 mg/dL, respectively). The results of the present study show that even though there are differences in gender, age, sexual maturity and production systems, there are no differences in serum total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between broiler chickens and laying hens. The 35-fold difference in serum triglycerides is related to the transport of lipids to the ovary in a laying hen.

Media preferences, micro-morphometric analysis, and cardinal growth temperature determination for Phytophthora infestans sensu lato isolated from different hosts in Colombia

Abstract During the last years Phytophthora infestans sensu lato (Mont. De Bary) has caused epidemics in Colombia in Andean fruit crops such as Solanum quitoense and Solanum betaceum. Establishment of new or modified experimental procedures to study this pathogen is a mandatory subject for scientists. Twelve isolates of Phytophthora spp. obtained from six different Solanum hosts in Colombia were used to evaluate the effect of five different solid media for growth and ability to produce sporangia and liberate zoospores. Determination of the best media culture and optimal growth temperature were necessary to perform measurements and correlate the provenance of isolates with phenotypic traits. Modifications were made to use ingredients available in local markets on the following media: lime bean agar (LBA), Tree tomato or tree tomato agar (TA), carrot agar (AZ), Rye A modified agar and 32% non-clarified V8 agar. Cardinal temperature determination was performed at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. Morphometric traits were measured once the optimal media culture and temperature were defined. Correlation analysis showed that there is a relationship between the host and isolates preferences for media culture and optimal growth temperature. In addition, the production of characteristic sporangia, sporangiophore and mycelia was related with the media type used and host from which the isolate was collected. In this work useful information was provided to make studies about the biology and development of isolates gathered from cultivated and wild non-traditional hosts.

Resumo Durante os últimos anos Phytophthora infestans sensu lato causou epidemias na Colômbia em lavouras de frutos andinos, como Solanum quitoense e Solanum betaceum. Estabelecimento de procedimentos experimentais novos ou modificados para estudar este patógeno é um assunto obrigatório para os cientistas. Doze isolados de Phytophthora spp. obtidos de seis diferentes hosts Solanum na Colômbia foram usados para avaliar o efeito de cinco diferentes mídias sólidas para o crescimento e a capacidade de produzir esporângios e libertar zoósporos. Determinação da melhor cultura de mídia e temperatura de crescimento ideal foram necessárias para realizar medições e correlacionar a proveniência de isolados com traços fenotípica. Foram feitas modificações para usar os ingredientes disponíveis nos mercados locais nos seguintes meios: ágar do feijão de cal (LBA), tomate da árvore ou ágar do tomate da árvore (TA), ágar da cenoura (AZ), centeio um ágar modificado e 32% de ágar-V8 não-esclarecido. A determinação da temperatura Cardeal foi realizada em 10, 15, 20 e 25 °C. Traços morfométricos foram medidos uma vez que a cultura de mídia ideal e temperatura foram definidos. Análise de correlação mostrou que há uma relação entre o hospedeiro e isolar as preferências para a cultura de mídia e temperatura de crescimento ideal. Além disso, a produção de esporângios característica, esporangióforo e mycelia foi relacionada com o tipo de mídia utilizado e hospedeiros a partir do qual o isolado foi coletado. Neste trabalho foram fornecidas informações úteis para fazer estudos sobre a biologia e o desenvolvimento de isolados recolhidos de hospedeiros não-tradicionais cultivados e selvagens.

Comparación de los niveles séricos de tsh y t4 ubre en bovinos / Tsh and free t4 serum levels comparison in cattle

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de TSH y T4 libre (T4L) en bovinos, diferenciados por género y edad, y conocer su comportamiento frente a dichas variables. Se obtuvieron 133 muestras de sangre de bovinos F1 en estado de ayuno y con ellas se establecieron cuatro grupos (36 machos y 20 hembras menores de 18 meses y 47 machos y 30 hembras mayores de 24 meses). Se determinaron los niveles de TSH y T4L mediante inmunoensayo enzimàtico. Los valores promedio de TSH (pül/ml) fueron de 1,86 para las hembras jóvenes y adultas, 1,88 para los machos jóvenes y 1,99 para los machos adultos. El valor P del test F fue mayor a 0,05 en todos los grupos y, por lo tanto, no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa, con una confiabilidad del 95%. Los valores promedio de T4L (ng/dl) para hembras jóvenes, hembras adultas, machos jóvenes y machos adultos fueron de 0,84; 0,62; 0,67 y 0,85, respectivamente. El valor P del test F fue menor a 0,05 en todos los grupos, indicando diferencia estadísticamente significativa, con 95% de confiabilidad. En conclusión, no se encontraron efectos de sexo y edad sobre las concentraciones de TSH, mientras que los niveles de T4L exhiben diferencia significativa entre estas variables; en efecto, entre los bovinos jóvenes, las hembras tienen niveles màs elevados; por su parte, en los adultos, son los machos los que presentan valores superiores.

The present study was aimed to determine the levels of TSH and free T4 (T4L) in cattle differentiated by gender and age, and know their correlation with these variables. Blood samples of 133 bovines F1 were obtained in fasting state, establishing four groups (36 males and 20 females under 18 months and 47 males and 30 females over 24 months). Levels of TSH and free T4 were measured using enzymatic immunoassay. The average of TSH values (pUI/ml) were 1.86 for young and adult females, 1.88 for young males, and 1.99 for adult males. The P-value of test F was greater to 0.05 in all groups; therefore, there is not statistically significant difference, with a 95% confidence. The average of free T4 values (ng/dl) for young females, adult females, young males and adult males were 0.84; 0.62; 0.67 and 0.85 respectively. The P-value was less than 0.05 in all groups, indicating a statistically significant difference, with a confidence of 95%. In conclusion, we found no effect of sex and age on concentrations ofTsH; instead, free T4 levels show statistically significant difference between these variables, finding in the young animals, that females have higher T4 levels, and in adults, males present higher values of T4.

DETERMINACIÓN DE LOS NIVELES DE COLESTEROL LDL COMPARANDO EL MÉTODO PRECIPITADO VS LA FÓRMULA DE FRIEDEWALD EN CANINOS / DETERMINATION OF LDL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS OF COMPARING THE PRECIPITATE METHOD VS THE FRIEDEWALD FORMULA CANINE

El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el método de precipitación con el método de fórmula de Friedewald para la determinación de colesterol LDL en caninos. Para ello, se tomaron muestras de sangre de 185 caninos adultos en estado de ayuno de diferente raza y sexo. Se determinaron los niveles de colesterol LDL mediante el método precipitado y posteriormente con el método de Friedewald. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente mediante ANOVA de una vía. El método precipitado reportó valores en mg/dl de: 52,40 promedio; 2,66 mínimo; 132,67 máximo; 130,01 rango y 24,29 de desviación estándar. Por su parte, los valores del método de Friedewald en mg/dl fueron: 65,19 promedio; 4,55 mínimo; 184,20 máximo; 179,65 rango y 31,51 de desviación estándar. El valor de p en el test F fue menor a 0.05, indicando diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los dos métodos analizados con un nivel de confianza del 95,0%. En conclusión se recomienda utilizar el método precipitado para la determinación de los niveles de colesterol LDL en caninos.

The objetive of this study was to compare the precipitation method with the method of Friedewald formula for the determination ofLDL cholesterol in dogs. For that, blood samples of 185 overnight fasted adult dogs of different breed and sex were obtained. Blood levels of LDL cholesterol were determined by the precipitation method and later by the Friedewald method. The results were analyzed using one way ANOVA. The precipitate method reported values in mg/dl of: 52.40 average, 2.66 minimum, 132.67 maximum, 130.01 range and 24.29 of standard deviation. For its part, the Friedewald equation values in mg/dl were: 65.19 average, 4.55 minimum, 184.20 maximum, 179.65 range and 31.51 of standard deviation. The p-value in the F test was less than 0.05, indicating statistically significant difference between the two methods analyzed with a confidence level of 95.0%. In conclusion it can be used the precipitated method for determining LDL cholesterol levels in dogs.

Comparación delpperfil lipídico por sexo y edad en ovinos / Comparson of lippid profile by sex and age in sheeps

Se comparó el perfil lipídico y la correlación entre los componentes lipídicos del suero en cuatro grupos de ovinos. A tal fin, se tomaron muestras de sangre de 98 ovinos en ayuno, diferenciados por género y edad (23 machos y 25 hembras mayores de un año de edad; 22 machos y 28 hembras menores a un año). Se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de: triglicéridos, colesterol total (CT) y colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL) mediante el método enzimítico colorimétrico. El colesterol de lipoproteína de muy baja densidad (C-VLDL) y de baja densidad (C-LDL) se determinó usando la fórmula de Friedewald. Las medias para CT, triglicéridos, C-HDL, C-VLDL y C-LDL (mg/dL) fueron de 86.19, 21.57, 39.32, 4.31 y 42.55, respectivamente. En el grupo de adultos existe diferencia significativa (P <0.05) en los niveles de: CT (P <0.0003), C-HDL (P < 0.0007) y C-LDL (P <0.0133), siendo más alto en hembras; las hembras jóvenes presentaron elevado el C-HDL (49.02 mg/dL). Hay diferencias en los machos en el CT (P <0.0138 ) y C-LDL (P <0.0006) y en hembras sólo en el CT (P <0.015). Los valores de triglicéridos y C-VLDL en hembras (P >0.90 para ambos), machos (P >0.405 para ambos), jóvenes (P >0.487 para ambos) y adultos (P >0.179 para ambos) no mostraron diferencias significativas (P -valor >0.05) con un nivel de confianza del 95.0%. En conclusión, debido a las diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las comparaciones del perfil lipídico entre grupos de ovinos, pueden ser considerados cuatro perfiles lipídicos: machos adultos, hembras adultas, machos jóvenes y hembras jóvenes.

To objective was to compare the lipid profile in sheep and to analyze the relationship between serum lipids levels of four groups. Blood samples from 98 sheep were obtained in fasting state, differentiated by gender and age (23 males and 25 female aged over 12 months; 22 males and 28 females aged under 12 months). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using enzymatic colorimetric method; levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined using Friedewald equation. Mean for TC, triglycerides, HDL-C, VLDL-C and LDL-C were: 86.19, 21.57, 39.32, 4.31, 42.55 mg/dL respectively. The group of adults was differ (P < 0.05) for TC (P <0.0003), HDL-C (P <0.0007) and LDL-C (P <0.0133), being increased in females. In young females HDL-C was higher (49.02 mg/ dL). In males significant differences were observed in TC (P <0.0138), and LDL-C (P <0.0006) and females in TC (P <0.015). Triglycerides and VLDL-C in females (P >0.90 for both), in males (P <0.405 for both), in young (P >0.487 for both) and adults (P >0.179 for both) showed no significant differences (P-value >0.05) with a confidence level of 95.0%. In Conclusion given the differences in the comparisons between groups for the lipid profile in sheep, can be considered four lipid profiles as follows: adult males, adult females, young males and young females.

Dental arch size, biting force, bizygomatic width and face height in three Colombian ethnic groups / Tamaño del arco dental, fuerza de mordida, anchura bizigomatica y altura facial en tres grupos étnicos colombianos

The objective of this study was to describe transversal dimensions of the dental arches, bite force and facial index in three ethnic groups representative of Colombia. The sample size included 197 adolescents, 12 to 14 year old, 33% mestizo, 35% of African ancestry and 32% Amazon Indian; 50.3% male and 49.7% female. The comparative analysis to determine differences between ethnic groups was made by the Kruskal Wallis test and then the Principal Component Analysis was used to establish the pattern of measurements identifying ethnic characteristics. All measurements showed statistically significant differences among ethnic groups except facial height (p=0.157). It was evidenced that Amazon indian have a higher bite force (p <0.05) than the other twoethnic groups. Regarding dental arch transversal dimensions, Amazon Indian have a higher arch transversal width with a length average of 44.1 mm. This length was greater than mestizo adolescents (M=36.7 mm) and Afroamerican (M=38.3 mm). In conclusion, the amazon Ticuna Indian ethnia has a significantly higher bite force, higher dental arch transversal width and higher bizygomatic width than the other two ethnic groups considered.

El objetivo fue describir las dimensiones transversales de los arcos dentales, la fuerza de mordida y el índice facial en tres grupos étnicos de Colombia. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 197 adolescentes, de 12 a 14 años; 33% mestizos, 35% de ascendencia africana y 32% indio amazónico; 50,3% hombres y 49,7% mujeres. El análisis comparativo para determinar las diferencias entre los grupos étnicos se hizo mediante la prueba de Kruskal Wallis y luego el Componente Principal de Análisis se utilizó para establecer el patrón de las mediciones para identificar las características étnicas. Todas las mediciones mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos étnicos, excepto la altura facial (p=0,157). Se evidencia que el indio amazónico tiene una mayor fuerza de mordida (p<0,05) que los otros dos grupos étnicos. En cuanto a las dimensiones transversales del arco dental, el indio amazónico se caracterizó por tener un mayor ancho, con una longitud media de 44,1 mm. Esta longitud es mayor que en los adolescentes mestizos (M=36,7 mm) y afroamericanos (M=38,3 mm). En conclusión, la etnia india amazónica Ticuna tiene una fuerza de mordida significativamente mayor, así como mayor ancho del arco dental transversal y ancho bicigomático que los otros dos grupos étnicos considerados.

Infecciones del tracto urinario bajo en adultos y embarazadas: consenso para el manejo empírico / Lower Urinary Tract Infections in Adults and Pregnant Women: A Consensus for Empirical Treatment

Introducción: La infección no complicada del tracto urinario bajo y la bacteriuria asintomática son causas frecuentes de consulta médica ambulatoria y en el servicio de urgencias en Colombia y el mundo. La falta de pautas y consenso para el manejo, así como la emergencia de resistencia a las múltiples opciones terapéuticas disponibles en los uropatógenos provenientes de la comunidad, hacen necesario elaborar unas recomendaciones que orienten al clínico sobre el abordaje óptimo de estas entidades. Objetivo: Definir un consenso sobre el manejo empírico de la bacteriuria asintomática y la infección del tracto urinario (ITU) bajo en adultos y mujeres embarazadas en Colombia. Metodología: Se lleva a cabo una metodología de consenso con expertos en urología, infectología, medicina interna, ginecología y microbiología basada en la revisión de las referencias bibliográficas disponibles en los términos de búsqueda relacionados, haciendo énfasis en estudios locales. Resultados: Se elaboró un algoritmo de manejo para el tratamiento empírico de la ITU baja no complicada en adultos con antisépticos urinarios como nitrofurantoína y fosfomicina trometamol como primera línea, con recomendaciones terapéuticas específicas para el tratamiento de la bacteriuria asintomática en mujeres embarazadas. Adicionalmente, se formuló un algoritmo de decisión para el procesamiento de cultivos de orina. La recurrencia o recaída frecuente justifica remisión a urología e infectología. Conclusiones: Se generan recomendaciones prácticas de fácil implementación en el diagnóstico y manejo de la ITU bajo en adultos y embarazadas, y de los casos donde es necesario tratar la bacteriuria asintomática, con opciones terapéuticas efectivas y de espectro reducido.

Background: Uncomplicated infection of the lower urinary tract and asymptomatic bacteriuria are frequent causes of visits to outpatient clinics and emergency departments in Colombia and worldwide. The lack of guidelines and a consensus for their management, and the emergence of resistance of community-based uropathogens to the available therapeutic options, make it necessary to develop recommendations to guide clinicians on the optimal approach to these entities. Objective: Define a consensus for the empiric management of asymptomatic bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in adults and pregnant women in Colombia. Methods: We carried out a consensus methodology with experts in urology, infectious diseases, internal medicine, gynecology and clinical microbiology; based on reviewing the available literature on the related terms, and emphasizing local studies. Results: We developed a management algorithm for the empirical treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI in adults with urinary antiseptics such as nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin trometamol as first line, with specific therapeutic recommendations for the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. Additionally, we created a decision algorithm for processing urine cultures. Frequent recurrence or relapse justifies referral to urology and infectious disease professionals. Conclusions: We generated straightforward and easy-to-implement recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTI in adults and pregnant women, and in cases where it is necessary to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria, with effective therapeutic and narrow spectrum options.

Analysis of dental arch dimensions in three Colombian ethnic groups / Análisis de las dimensiones del arco dental en tres grupos étnicos colombianos

The purpose of this study was to compare dental arch transversal and anteroposterior dimensions in three ethnic groups from Colombia. A digital caliper was used to take 16 transversal and two sagittal measurements, 9 for the upper jaw and 9 for the lower jaw. The sagittal measure determining arch length was drawn from a mesial line traced from first right permanent molar to first left permanent molar, and a perpendicular line from the point of contact between central incisive teeth, both for the upper and lower jaw. The dimensions of upper dental arch in the three ethnic groups showed differences in intercanine distance, as well as between premolar and between molar teeth. The same differences were found for lower dental arches. The populations evaluated show distinctive characteristics in dental arch dimensions, thus the mestizo population had narrow arches while the natives had wide arches.

El propósito de éste estudio fue comparar las dimensiones transversal y anteroposterior del arco dental en tres grupos étnicos de Colombia. Se utilizó un calibrador digital para tomar 16 medidas transversales y dos sagitales, 9 maxilares y 9 mandibulares. La medida sagital para determinar la longitud del arco se elaboró a partir de una línea trazada desde mesial primera molar derecho permanente al primer molar izquierdo permanente, y una línea perpendicular desde el punto de contacto entre los incisivos centrales, tanto para el maxilar y mandíbula. Las dimensiones del arco dental maxilar en los tres grupos étnicos mostraron diferencias en la distancia intercanina, así como entre premolares y molares. Las mismas diferencias se encontraron en la mandíbula. Las poblaciones evaluadas presentan características distintivas en las dimensiones del arco dental, por lo que la población mestiza tuvo arcos estrechos, mientras que los nativos tuvieron arcos anchos.

Origem, ramificação e distribuição da artéria celíaca no tucano-de-bico-verde (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766) / Origin, ramification and distribution of the celiac artery in the green-billed toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766)

O tucano-de-bico-verde (Ramphastos dicolorus) é uma ave encontrada nas florestas tropicais americanas e pertence à Ordem Piciforme, Família Ramphastidae. Neste trabalho objetivou-se descrever a origem, a ramificação e a distribuição da artéria celíaca do tucano-de-bico-verde. Foram utilizados três espécimes provenientes do Criatório Científico e Cultural de Poços de Caldas, MG (IBAMA, 2.31.94-00006), doados após óbito por causas naturais. As aves tiveram a artéria isquiática direita canulada para injeção de solução de látex corado, e após fixação em solução de formol a 10% foram dissecadas. A artéria celíaca originou-se a partir da porção descendente da aorta, emitindo como primeiro ramo colateral a artéria pró-ventricular dorsal. Esta emitiu ramos esofágicos e continuou-se como artéria gástrica dorsal, de aspecto tortuoso, terminando em anastomose com a artéria gástrica direita. Após curto trajeto, a artéria celíaca formou dois ramos colaterais, o esquerdo e o direito. O ramo esquerdo logo se ramificou formando a artéria pró-ventricular ventral com seus ramos esofágicos, artéria gástrica esquerda, que originou a artéria hepática esquerda, e finalmente a artéria gastroduodenal, que emitiu as artérias gástricas ventrais e duodenais. O ramo direito da artéria celíaca emitiu as artérias lienais e hepática direita, continuando-se como artéria pancreático-duodenal. Esta formou a artéria pilórica dorsal, duas artérias gástricas direitas, vários ramos duodenais, pancreáticos e a artéria duodeno-jejunal. Assim, a artéria celíaca nos três espécimes de tucano-de-bico-verde, exibiu um arranjo que se assemelha tanto ao descrito em aves domésticas quanto ao de aves silvestres.

The green-billed toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus) is a bird found in American tropical forests and belongs to the Order Piciformes, Family Ramphastidae. The aim of this paper is to describe the origin, ramification and distribution of the celiac artery in the green-billed toucan. Three specimens from the Scientific and Cultural Breeding of Poços de Caldas, MG (IBAMA, 2.31.94-00006), donated after death by natural causes, were analyzed. The birds had the right ischiadic artery cannulated for injection of colored latex, and after fixation in 10% formalin solution were dissected. The celiac artery was originated from the descending portion of aorta, giving as the first collateral branch the pro-ventricular dorsal artery. This gave esophageal branches and continued as dorsal gastric artery, with tortuous appearance, ending in anastomosis with the right gastric artery. After a short track, the celiac artery formed two collateral branches, the right and the left. The left branch soon ramified itself to form the ventral pro-ventricular artery with its esophageal branches, left gastric artery, that gave rise to the left hepatic artery, and finally the gastroduodenal artery, which emitted the ventral gastric and duodenal arteries. The right branch of the celiac artery emitted the lienal and right hepatic arteries, continuing as pancreatic-duodenal artery. This gave the dorsal pyloric artery, two right gastric arteries, several duodenal, pancreatic branches and the duodenal-jejunal artery. Thus, the celiac artery in the three specimens of green-billed toucan showed an arrangement resembling that described both in domestic and wild birds.

Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com dieta contendo dois níveis de óleo de arroz / Production and milk composition of dairy goats receiving two levels of rice bran oil in the diet

Foram testados os efeitos de dois níveis de extrato etéreo à base de óleo de arroz no concentrado em 30 cabras Saanen durante a fase inicial de lactação. A alimentação baseou-se na relação 60% de volumoso (feno de alfafa) e 40% de concentrado comercial com dois níveis de extrato etéreo (3% e 5%). As variáveis estudadas foram a quantificação e qualificação do perfil de ácidos graxos do leite total e frente ao tempo de lactação. O acréscimo de óleo de arroz na dieta diminuiu (P<0,05) a concentração de ácidos graxos saturados e aumentou (P<0,05) a concentração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite caprino. O ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC) também é afetado positivamente pelo acréscimo de óleo de arroz na dieta. A inclusão de óleo de arroz nos níveis de 3% e 5% da matéria seca, na dieta de cabras leiteiras da raça Saanen, influencia o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite, com ênfase no ALC, até a 11ª semana de lactação.

The effects of two levels of ether extract based on rice oil concentrate in 30 Saanen goats during early lactation were evaluated. The feeding was based on the ratio of 60% forage (alfalfa hay) and 40% commercial concentrate with two levels of lipids (3% and 5%). The variables were the quantification and qualification of the fatty acid profile of whole milk and forward to the time of lactation. The addition of rice bran oil in the diet decreased significantly (P<0.05) the concentration of saturated fatty acids and increased (P<0.05) the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in goats' milk. The linoleic acid was also positively affected by the addition of rice bran oil in the diet. The inclusion of rice bran oil at levels of 3% and 5% of dry matter in the diet of Saanen dairy goats influences the fatty acid profile of milk, with emphasis on linoleic acid until the 11th week of lactation.

Biotipo morfológico facial en tres grupos étnicos colombianos: una nueva clasificación por medio del índice facial / Facial biotype in three Colombian ethnic groups: a new classification by facial index

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el índice facial de tres poblaciones colombianas y proponer un nuevo método para identificar los biotipos morfológicos faciales teniendo en cuenta el tipo de ascendencia. Para esto, se tomaron las medidas de Nasion a Gnation y la distancia Bicigomática con un calibrador digital en tres grupos étnicos diferentes: 63 niños de la población Ticuna (Amazonas), 68 niños del municipio de Puerto Tejada (Cauca) y 65 niños del municipio de Santiago de Cali (Valle). Por medio de la prueba post hoc T2 de Tamhane se determinó que las poblaciones son distintas y que el índice morfológico facial tradicional no discriminaba esas diferencias. Por tal razón se utilizó el método estadístico de conglomerados difusos con el fin de determinar el número de grupos o biotipos para cada tipo de ascendencia. Se concluyó, que las poblaciones mestizas y afro-descendientes tienen similitudes por lo cual se agruparon juntas y el algoritmo c-medias generó cuatro biotipos característicos, mientras que para la población indígena Ticuna (Amazonas) solo se generaron tres biotipos.

The aim of this study is evaluate the facial index of three Colombian populations and propose a new method to identifythe facial morphological biotypes taking into account the type of ascendancy. For this, measures were taken of Nasion to Gnation and bizygomatic distance with a digital caliper in three ethnic groups: 63 children from Ticuna population (Amazonas), 68 children from municipality of Puerto Tejada (Cauca) and 65 children from municipality Santiago de Cali (Valle). Through the post hoc Tamhane's T2 was determined that the populations are different and the facial morphological index did not discriminate these differences. We used the statistical method of fuzzy clusters to determine the number of groups or biotypes for each type of ascendancy. We concluded that mixed populations and African descent have similarities, therefore they were grouped together and the c-means algorithm generated four biotypes characteristic, while the indigenous population Ticuna (Amazon) only generated three biotypes.

Carnitina libre y total en sangre de cordón umbilical / Free and total carnitine in umbilical cord blood

Se han encontrado concentraciones anormales de carnitina en niños asociadas con deficiencias primaria y secundaria de carnitina, con disminución de las concentraciones en sangre y tejidos, así como niveles elevados en algunos errores innatos del metabolismo. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo la obtención de valores de referencia para carnitina libre y total en sangre de cordón umbilical, como herramienta en el diagnóstico temprano de errores innatos del metabolismo. Se analizaron mediante espectrometría de masas en tándem (MS/MS) 130 muestras de sangre de cordón umbilical de nacimientos con embarazos a término y peso normal al nacer (78 niños y 52 niñas) de una población colombiana. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa dependiendo del sexo del recién nacido. Reportamos valores de referencia para carnitina libre y total en sangre de cordón umbilical de 18,5+/-3,4 micromol/L y 20,9 +/- micromol/L respectivamente.

Plasma free and total carnitine measured in children by tandem mass spectrometry

Free and total carnitine quantification is important as a complementary test for the diagnosis of unusual metabolic diseases, including fatty acid degradation disorders. The present study reports a new method for the quantification of free and total carnitine in dried plasma specimens by isotope dilution electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with sample derivatization. Carnitine is determined by looking for the precursor of ions of m/z = 103 of N-butylester derivative, and the method is validated by comparison with radioenzymatic assay. We obtained an inter- and intra-day assay coefficient of variation of 4.3 and 2.3, respectively. Free and total carnitine was analyzed in 309 dried plasma spot samples from children ranging in age from newborn to 14 years using the new method, which was found to be suitable for calculating reference age-related values for free and total carnitine (less than one month: 19.3 ± 2.4 and 23.5 ± 2.9; one to twelve months: 28.8 ± 10.2 and 35.9 ± 11.4; one to seven years: 30.7 ± 10.3 and 38.1 ± 11.9; seven to 14 years: 33.7 ± 11.6, and 43.1 ± 13.8 æM, respectively). No difference was found between males and females. A significant difference was observed between neonates and the other age groups. We compare our data with reference values in the literature, most of them obtained by radioenzymatic assay. However, this method is laborious and time consuming. The electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method presented here is a reliable, rapid and automated procedure for carnitine quantitation

Variaciones alrededor de la andropausia / Analysis of biological, social, medical and sexual aspect of andropause

Andropausia, climaterio masculino, edad crítica son los términos con los que se denomina la crisis que atraviesan los varones entre los 45 y 60 años. Análisis de aspectos biológicos, sociales, médicos y de sexualidad en el hombre

Flexibilizacion Masculina / Male flexibilization

En los países desarrollados la expectativa de vida de los varones es de ocho años menos que la del sexo femenino y, en general, las estadísticas epidemiológicas dicen que el índice de suicidio masculino es el triple que el de las mujeres. Son también los varones los que ocupan, con mayor frecuencia, puestos en las cárceles, los hospitales, el ejército, los manicomios, los cementerios y los puestos de trabajo. A la silla eléctrica van en mayor cantidad, sufren mayor número de accidentes, chocan más veces los carros, padecen condenas judiciales más largas, son los que asisten, casi exclusivamente, a las guerras y sufren más episodios de todo tipo de violencia como víctimas o como protagonistas agresores. Adicionalmente, son los hombres los que padecen más dislexia y otros impedimentos en el aprendizaje verbal y son los niños varones los que aprenden a hablar más tarde

Menopausia: actitudes y conocimientos en un grupo de medicos internos, de la facultad de medicina, de la Universidad de Antioquia / Menopause: attiude an knowledge in a group of final-year medical students of the school of medicine of the University of Antioquia

Se presentan los resultados de una encuesta realizada a los médicos de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia, en el segundo semestre de 1997. El proyecto se realizó con el doble propósito de construir conocimiento sobre el tema del climaterio femenino y, en segundo lugar, para aportar elementos pertinentes a la discusión de cambio curricular en que está empeñada la Facultad y la Universidad. Partimos de la hipótesis de que la historia personal del individuo limita las actitudes y condiciona el desarrollo de motivación y destrezas sobre un tema determinado. Se utilizó el censo y las técnicas de encuesta y escala Lickert para indagar sobre variables socioculturales, demográficas y de carácter científico/técnico. Se encontró que el nivel de conocimientos, medido por la nota, fue de 2.85 + 0.83; la actitud frente a la terapia fue baja en el 44 por ciento y alta en el 40 por ciento. Como se había previsto en la hipótesis, la relación entre actitudes y conocimientos fue directa, pero la asociación con variables sociodemográficas no pudo determinarse debido a la homogenidad de la población

La menopausia en el curriculo de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia / The menopause as a part of the curriculum of the School de Medicine of the Antioquia University

El presente informe responde por la investigación realizada entre los años 1997-98, con 128 estudiantes de los niveles XII y XIII correspondientes al año de Internado, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Antioquia, en la Ciudad de Medellín