Polymorphisms of Interleukin-4 Promoter and Interleukin-4 Receptor Gene in Schizophrenic Patients / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: Recently, the main focus of etiologic study in schizophrenia has been directed to molecular genetic approach including polymorphism analysis. Abnormal immunoreactivity to IL-4 promoter and IL-4Ralpha has been identified in patients with schizophrenia. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between schizophrenia and immunologic influences by analyzing the polymorphisms of IL-4 promoter and IL-4Ralpha gene that are involved in interaction between immunologic system and CNS. METHODS: 222 schizophrenic patients diagnosed by DSM-IV and data of 165 normal controls obtained from Catholic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Information Bank, College of medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, were used in this study. DNA was extracted from whole blood and the polymorphic loci of IL-4 promoter and IL-4Ralphagene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Gene typing was performed by using SSCP and the results were assessed. The frequencies of allele and genotype were compared between patients and normal controls and between paranoid group and non-paranoid group. All data were analyzed chi2-test with two-tailed Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: 1) There were no significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies of IL-4 promoter and IL-4Ralpha between the group of schizophrenic patients and controls. 2) There were no significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies of IL-4 promoter and of IL-4Ralpaha between the group of paranoid schizophrenic patients and non-paranoid schizophrenic patients. CONCLSUION: These results suggest that polymorphisms of IL-4 promoter and IL-4Ralpha genes are unlikely related with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

The Effeds of Accommodation and Repeated Tonometry on Intraocular Ptessure in Korean Adults

As accommodation and repeated tonometry were known to change the level of intraocular pressure, sometimes they may give a misleading indication for the diagnosis and management of early glaucoma, ocular hypertension and low tension glaucoma. The object of this study was to investigate the effects of accommodation and repeated tonometry on intraocular pressure in Korean adults. Repeated tonometry was performed on 120 normal Korean eyes with visual acuity of 20/20 or more under controlled condition of accommodation and relaxation using Goldmann applanation tonometry and Schiotz tonometry. The results were as follows: 1. In repeated Goldmann applanation tonometry, a statistically significant reduction in mean intraocular pressure was produced during accommodation but not during relaxation. The maximum reduction of 3.25mmHg was produced during four minutes of accommodation and significant reduction of 2.01 mmHg was shown in first one minute of accommodation. 2. In repeated Schiotz tonometry, a statistically significant reduction in mean intraocular pressure was produced during accommodation but not during relaxation. The maximum reduction of 3.71mmHg was produced during four minutes of accommodation and significant reduction of 2.39 mmHg was shown in first one minute of accommodation.

Comparison of Near Retinoscopy, Retinoscopy Under Cycloplegia and Subjective Refraction

The object of this study was to observe the refractive errors obtained by near retinoscopy, retinoscopy under cycloplegia and subjective refraction on 244 Korean eyes with refractive error below the age of 90. The results were as follows; A. Comparision between the refractive errors obtained by retinoscopy under cycloplegia and subjective retraction. 1. The difference of spherical powers was 0.59D. 2. The difference Of spherical powers was 0.49D in myopia and 0.76D in hyperopia. 3. The difference of spherical powers was 0.59D in Group I (under age 10), 0.64D in Group II (age 11~20) and 0.45D in Group III (age 21~30). 4. There was not statistically significant difference of spherical powers among the age groups but between myopia and hyperopia. 5. The difference of cylindrical powers was 0.07D. 6. The difference of cylindrical powers was 0.03D. in Group I, 0.12D in Group II and 0.07D in Group III. 7. There was no statistically significant difference of cylindrical powers among the age groups. B. Comparison between the refractive errors obtained by near retinoscopy and subjective refraction 1. The difference of spherical powers was 0.97D. 2. The difference of spherical powers was 0.92D in myopia and 1.05D in hyperopia. 3. The difference of spherical power was 1.03D in Group I, 0.94D in Group II and 0.92D in Group III. 4. There was neither statistically significant difference of spherical powers among tbe age groups nor between myopia and hyperopia. 5. The difference of cylindrical powers was 0.1D. 6. The difference of cylindrical powers was 0.18D in Group I, 0.11D in Group II and 0.04D in Group III. 7. There was no statistically significant defference of cylindrical powers among the groups. C. In this study, regression formula was Y=0.877+0,724X (X : adjusted spherical power obtained by near retinoscopy Y: spherical power obtained by retinoscopy under cycloplegia).

Refractive State in Childhood with Normal Visual Acuity

To manifest visual acuity of 20/20 or better, the requirements are good optical imagery, foveal fixation, intact receptor structure and function, and full integrity of the involved neural pathways. Person with hyperopia of 1-10 diopter or astigmatism of 1 diopter may be able to read the line marked 20/20 of Snellen's chart. Non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic subjective manifest refractions were done on 380 normal eyes with visual acuity of 20/20 or more to observe the prevalence, type and degree of the refractive errors. The results were as follows; 1. In non-cycloplegic subjective manifest refraction, 147 eyes(38.7%) had refractive error such as simple hyperopic astigmatism(50.3%), hyperopia(37.4%), simple myopic astigmatism(6.8%) and compound hyperopic astigmatism(5.4%). In cycloplegic subjective manifest refraction, 183 eyes(48.2%) were ametropia such as simple hyperopic astigmatism (49.7%), hyperopia(38.3%), compound hyperopic astigmatism(8.7%) and simple myopic astigmatism(3.2%). 2. As to the type of astigmatisms, "with the rule" astigmatism was 2.5 times more than "against the rule". 3. Average degree of refractive errors were 0.12 diopter in non-cycloplegic refraction and 0.22 diopter in cycloplegic refraction. 4. The degree of hyperopia was less than 1.00 diopter in all cases of noncycloplegic refractions and in most cases(93%) of cycloplegic refractions. 5. Degree of astigmatism were less than 1.00 diopter in the majority(98%).

The Effect of Bendazac Lysine(Bendaline(R) on Cataract Dose range study

No abstract available.

Difference between Nasal and Temporal Pupil Cycle Time of Koreans

A small beam or slit of light focused at the pupillary margin will induce regular, persistent oscillations of the pupil. The period of these cycles is the pupil cycle time that can be easily measured and expressed in milliseconds. When the efferent part of the light reflex of the pupil is normal, determination of the period of these cycles in milliseconds provides a number which may be correlated with conduction time in the anterior visual pathway. Cox and Drews reoorded pupillary response to alternating half-field visual stimuli and found that stimulation of the temporal visual field (nasal retina) caused more pupillary constriction than did equivalent stimulation of the nasal field(temporal retina). These findings imply an asymmertric decussation of pupillomotor pathways in the midbrain in humans as well as greater sensitivity of the nasal retina. We measured nasal and temporal pupil cycle time on 200 normal eyes of Koreans by half-field stimulation of the nasal and temporal retina. And we found that: 1. The mean temporal pupil cycle time was 1071 +/- 92m sec, in right eye and 1068 +/- 81m sec, in left eye. The mean nasal pupil cycle time was 894 +/- 63m sec, in right eye and 899 +/- 57m sec, in left eye. Difference between nasal and temporal pupil cycle time was 177 +/- 73m sec, in right eye and 169 +/- 64m sec, in left eye. 2. The difference of pupil cycle time between the right and left eyes was 3 +/- 84m sec, in temporal retina and 5 +/- 61m sec, in nasal retina. The difference of pupil cycle time between the two eyes was not significant statistically. 3. The mean temporal pupil cycle time of the two eyes was 1069 +/- 85m sec, and the mean nasal pupil cycle time was 897 +/- 62m sec. Difference between nasal and temporal pupil cycle time was 172 +/- 74m sec. In 95% of normal population, the discrepancy between temporal and nasal pupil cycle time was shorter than 253m sec. 4. The mean temporal pupil cycle time was 1066 +/- 86m sec, in male and 1072 +/- 83m sec, in female. The mean nasal pupil cycle time 901 +/- 63m sec, in male and 894 +/- 59m sec, in female. The difference of pupil cycle time between the male and female was not significant statistically.

Interrelationship of the Refractory Error and the Ocular Axial Length and the Anterior Chamber Depth in the Myopic Eyes

The ultrasonographic technique is an one of the safest, simplest and the most accurate methods of biometric measurement of the eyeball. Ultrasonography of A mode was performed to measure the anterior chamber depth and the ocular axial length of 60 emmetropic eyes and of 140 myopic eyes of greater than 3.00 Diopter. Interrelationship of the refractory error and the ocular axial length, the anterior chamber depth, as well as the myopic crescent(conus) was studied in 140 Korean myopic eyes from May 1st, 1985 through September 30th, 1985. The results of the study were as follows: 1. The mean axial length of the emmetropic eyes is 23.94mm and their mean anterior chamber depth, 3.08mm. 2. The mean axial length of the myopic eyes of greater than 3.00 Diopter is 25.76mm and their mean anterior chamber depth, 3.52mm. 3. As the refractory error in the myopic eyes increases by 1 Diopter, the mean axial length and the mean anterior chamber depth increases respectively by 0.29mm and 0.08mm. 4. The myopic crescent(conus) was observed in the 95% of myopic eyes.

Biomicroscopic Observation of Plica Semilunaris and Caruncle

The plica semilunaris is a narrow crescentic fold of conjunctiva, corresponding to the third eyelid or nictitating membrane of the lower vertebrates. The caruncle is a small, soft, pink ovoid body, situated in the lacus lacrimalis to the medial side of the plica semilunaris. Plica semilunaris and caruncle were described morphologically by many investigators in foreign countries but Korea. The shape of plica semilunaris, the extent of exposure of the caruncle and hairs on the caruncle, in 960 normal Korean eyes with no history of external diseases, were observed biomicroscopically. The results were as follows: 1. In primary position, lateral free margin of the plica semilunaris was devided morphologically into 5 forms. among which 2nd form was most frequently seen but 3rd and 4th forms were rare. The 1st form was seen below age 20, whereas 5th form over 21. 2. In abducting position, form of the plica semilunaris was devided into 8 forms, 6th form was most frequent in male but 1st form in female. This discrepancy between male and female was of statistical significance. 3. The extent of exposure of the caruncle in palpebral fissure was devided into 6 forms depending on the ages. Below the age of 20, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd forms, caruncle is exposed less than half in size, were observed mostly. Over the age of 21, 4th, 5th and 6th forms, caruncle is exposed more than half in size, were seen mostly, 5th form was frequent in male and 4th form in female. It was statistically significant that the more is the extent of exposure of the caruncle, the older they are. 4. In the caruncle, the hairs were one to ten in number mostly, black in color mostly, directed toward medial canthus or forward, situated in lower portion near the medial canthus.

Relationship Between the Optic Disk and Retinal Vessels

Since Helmholtz discovered the ophthalmoscope in 1851, normal fundus has been possible to be observed. The findings of the optic disk and retinal vessels in the fundus are of great importance in the evaluation of intraocular diseases and systemic diseases(especially intracranial problems). The shape of the optic disk and retinal vessels have been described by many investigators. Direct ophthalmoscopy was performed on 800 normal eyes(400 persons) to evaluate following aspects; (1) The shape of the optic disk. (2) The distribution of the central retinal artery. (3) The origin of the C.R.A. from the disk. (4) The number of disk in accordance with three different shape of physiological cups. (5) The relationship between (1) and (2) (6) The relationship between (2) and (3). (7) The relationship between (2) and (4). The following results were obtained. 1. The shape of the optic disk. 1) The 353 eyes(44.13%) were round, and the 318 eyes(39.75%), vertically oval. 2) In the 289 persons(72.25%) the shape of the optic disk were same in both eyes. 2. The classification of the optic disk based on branching of the C.R.A. 1) The 425 eyes(53.13%) had symmetric distribution, and the 285 eyes(35.63%) had nasa1temporal up distribution. And at least one of the main branches of the C.R.A. passed by nasal side of the optic disk in every eye. 2) In the 215 persons(53.75%), the distribution of the C.R.A. were same in both eyes. 3. The origin of the C.R.A. in the optic disk. 1) The 411 eyes(51.38%) had their origin in the nasal center, and the 326 eyes(40.75%) in the center, And none of the eyes had their origin in temporal side. 2) In the 284 persons(71.00%) the origin of the C.R.A. were same in both eyes. 4. The physiological cupping of the optic disk. 1) Most of the eyes(634 eyes; 79.25%) had the optic disk of type A(C/D ratio< or =0.3 and located in the center). 2) The 365 persons(91.25%) had same disk in their both eyes. And the difference of C/D ratio between both eyes was less than 0.2 in 99.75%. 5. The relationship between the shape of the optic disk and the distribution of the branches of the C.R.A. was not significant statistically. 6. The nasal-temporal down distribution(Class 6) of the C.RA. appeared more when the C.R.A, originated from the nasal down than when it originated form the nasal center. 7. The nasal distribution(Class 1) of the C.R.A. appeared more in the cases of the type A than in the cases of type B which had medium or large optic cup and locakd in the center or slightly displaced to the temporal side.

A Study on the Axis of the Astigmatism

Regular astigmatism is the condition in which the refractive power changes gradually from one meridian to the next by uniform increments, and the two principal meridians are placed at right angles to each other. Astigmatism is one of the most important cause that is concerned with visual disturbance. When there are no serious deterioration of the visual acuity and no symptoms of asthenopia astigmatic errors do not require correction. But if either of those two conditions is present, the errors should be corrected by lenses. A false position of the cylinder axis in a corrected lens creates a new astigmatism. The larger the error in the position of the correcting cylinder, the larger is the amount of the resultant astigmatic error. The axis of new astigmatism does not coincide with the axis of the cylinder lens nor the original astigmatism of the eye. When the amount of astigmatism is large, the axial error may impair the visual acuity. The two kinds of errors in position of axis that caused respectively a blur of letters or visual acuity of 20/30 on Snellen chart by rotating the trial cylinder in the trial frame, and the reduced amount of cylinder power that caused blur of letters on Snellen chart were studied in 210 eyes with astigmatism of less than 2 diopters. The results were as follow: 1. When the patients recognized blurring by rotating the trial cylinder, the average error in position of axis was respectively 18 degrees +/- 0.42 in cylinder power of 0.25D - 0.50D, 11 degrees +/- 0.29 in 0.75D - 1.00D, 9 degrees +/- 0.29 in 1.25D - 1.50D and 4 degrees +/- 0.24 in 1.75D - 2.00D. 2. At the visual acuity of 20/30 by rotating the trial cylinder, the average error in position of axis was respectively 70 degrees +/- 0.22 in cylinder power of 0.25D - 0.50D, 29D +/- 0.79 in 0.75D - 1.0DD, 17 degrees +/- 0.37 in 1.25D - 1.50D and go +/- 0.36 in 1.75D - 2.00D. 3. In astigmatism of less than 1.50D, the error in position of axis in against-the-rule astigmatism was significantly smaller than that in with-the-rule or that in oblique when the patients, recognized blurring by rotating the trial cylinder. 4. In astigmatism of less than 1.50D, the error in position of axis in against-the rule astigmatism was significantly smaller than that in with-the-rule or that in oblique at the visual acuity of 20/30 by rotating the trial cylinder. 5. In astigmatism of less than 1.50D, the larger the amount of spherical lens, the larger was the error in position of axis when the patients recognized blurring by rotating the trial cylinder. 6. In astigmatism of less than 1.50D, the larger the amount of spherical lens, the larger was the error in position of axis at the visual acuity of 20/30 by rotating the trial cylinder. 7. When the patients recognized blurring by reducing cylinder power, the reduced cylinder power was respectively 0.19D +/- 0.01 in cylinder power of 0.25D - 0.50D, 0.29D +/- 0.02 in 0.75D - 1.00D, 0.35D +/- 0. 02 in 1.25D - 1.50D and 0.38D +/- 0.01 in 1.75 - 2.00D. 8. In cylinder power of 1.25D - 1.50D, the reduced amount of cylinder power that caused blurring was significantly smaller in against-the-rule astigmatism than in with-the-rule.

Average Presbyopic Additions for Various Age Groups in Korean

As a gradual loss of elasticity of lens with advancing age, the power of accomodation becomes progressively smaller, and eventually the near-point has receded beyond the distance which causes difficulty in seeing near object clearly. This condition is known as presbyopia. Presbyopia is treated by means of convex lenses added to the distance correction. The power of the lens required for clear vision for near work varies with an individual's habits, age, occupation, length of arms, and accustomed distance of doing near work. A rule of thumb method for prescribing presbyopic additions has been presented respectively by Lyle et al(May and Worth's manual of diseases of the eye), and by Sloane(Approximate average adds for various age groups). Average presbyopic additions had been investigated in 869 healthy Koreans with normal visual acuity over age 41 from November 1, 1969 to October 31, 1981. The results were as follows: 1. The rate of the patients for whom presbyopic additions were not ordered; between ages of 41 and 45: 30.4% of emmetropia, 51. 5% of myopic refractive error, 10.4% of hyperopic refractive error, 20.0% of others, between ages of 46 and 50: 5. 1 % of myopic refractive error, 2.1% of hyperopic refractive error. 2. The average presbyopic additions for various age groups based upon the 95% statistical reliability were as follows; 41 to 45: + 1.00D or + 1.25D, 46 to 50: + 1.50D or + 1.75D, 51 to 55: + 2.00D, 56 to 60: + 2.25D or + 2.50D, 61 to 65: + 2.50D 66 to 70: + 2.75D.

Bacteriological Study of Angular Blepharitis

Most common annoyant for angular blepharitis has long been known as a diplobacillus of Morax-Axenfeld since 1897. Bacteriological study has been done on 56 patients (102 eyes) being suffered from angular blepharitis clinically diagnosed in the Dept. of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine. Most angular blepharitis involved bilaterally (82%), 34 cases of angular blepharitis were seen in the nasal canthus (61%). Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from 50 eyes (49%) with angular blepharitis and staphylococcus au reus from 41 eyes (40%). No diplobacillus of Morax-Axenfeld was demonstrated in the culture from angular blepharitis.

A Study of the Cilio-Retinal Artery in Korean

The cilio-retinal artery appears ophthalmoscopically at the margin of the optic disc, usually on its temporal side and is concerned with the supply of a localized part of the retina, usually the portion between the disc and the macula. So the cilio-retinal artery preserves a very valuable amount of vision when occlusion of the central artery occurs. The incidence of the presence of the cilio-retinal artery has never been known in Korea while many foreign authors (Randall, Lang and Barrett, Eischnig, Jackson, Adachi, Mann) has reported. The cilio-retinal artery was observed in six hundred and two Korean with normal eyes. The following results were obtained; 1. The incidence of the cilio-retinal artery was 11.05% of 1204 eyes. 2. There was no sexual predominance in the incidence of the cilio-retinalartery. 3. The incidence of the presence of the cilio-retinal artery in right eye was 41.75% and left eye 58.25%. 4. The cilio-retinal artery was found in both eyes in 12.71% of 118 Koreans with cilio-retinal artery.

A Statistical Observation of Blind Eyes in Eye Patient

Blindness is a worldwide health problem which affects at least 10 million people presently. The leading causes of preventable blindness in the world are trachoma, onchocerciasis, and xerophthalmia. The causes of blindness have been surveyed in many countries throughout the world, however they have varied with the country and nation. Even though there have been few reports on blindness in Korea, the nationwide surver has not been done yet. Before the survey is done, the blindness should be defined. But the definition of blindness varies in accordance with social, economical and educational status of that country. To standerdize the definition of blindness, the International Association for the Prevention of Blindness defines the visual acuity for distant vision of 5/200 or less of the better eye. In Korea. blindness has been defined. variably from visual acuity of counting finger/1 m to 20/200 or less, by serveral authors. In this survey. 1,369 patients who have visual acuity of 20/200 or less in one eye or in both eyes have been observed statistically from January 1972 to October 1978. 1. Number of blind patient .......... 1,369 (3.55%). 2. Type of blindness; Number of binocular blindness .......... 312 (22.79%), Number of monocular blindness .......... 1,057 (77.21%), Number of blindnel!s involving the left eye .......... 552(40.32%), Number of blindness involving the right eye .......... 505 (36.89%). 3. The sex and age of the blind patient; 803 persons (58.7%) were male and 566 persons (41.3%) were female. 219 persons (16.0%) were between 21 and 30 years of age, which was the highest rate. 113 person (8.3%) were over 71 years of age, which was the lowest rate. But the age distribution of blind patient shows decrescent as the age decrease. 4. The rate of the etiology of the blind eye; Trauma (23.02%), Eye disease (13.03%). Prenatal influences (7.20%). Systemic disease (5.59%), Tumor (0.77%), and unknown etiology (50.38%). 5. The rate of the site of the blind eye; Lens (32.90%). cornea (17.25%), retina (13.09%), optic nerve (8.86%). and uveal tract (3.69%). 6. The rate of the blind eye disease; Cataract (32.48%). corneal opacity (16.89%), optic nerve atrophy (7.20%), degeneration of the retina (7.08%), glaucoma (6.19%), phthisis bulbi (5.65%), anophthalmos (3.45%), uveitis (3.27%), and retinal detachment (3.21%). 7. The rate of the blind eye by visual acuity; Absolute blindness and visual acuity between 4/200 or above and less than 10/200 (19.2%), hand movement (19.0%). finger count/1m or less (18.6%). light perception only (16.5%), and visual acuity between 10/200 or above and less than 20/200 (4.5%). 8. Aside from absolute blindness (negative light perception), the causes of the blindness were the diseases of the lens, the cornea, and the retina. The prevalence of blindness due to the diseases of the cornea or optic nerve was the highest below the age of 20, and that due to lens diseases the highest over 41 year old.

Mixed Tumor of Lacrimal Gland

Mixed tumor that occurs in the orbit is very rare but takes a great part of the tumors of the lacrimal glands. It is so pleomorphic that a great deal of confusion exists as to the nature and histogenesis. The tumor appears as a palpable mass in the upper and outer quadrant of the orbit. Usually the tumor is hard, nodular and slightly mobile, lying just underneath the orbital rim. The tumor causes exophthalmos associated with proptosis and some limitation of motion. The treatment of the choice is radical excision of the tumor and followed by x-ray radiation. A 40 year old Korean woman had a hard, nontender mass on the left supraorbital region which had developed for about three years. The encapsulated orbital tumor was removed surgically and found to be a mixed tumor histopathologically.

Observations of Normal Optic Foramen in Korean

The optic canal begins to be formed by the fusion of two roots of the lesser wing of sphenoid. It is a funnel shaped tube measuring about 4~9 mm long and 4~6 mm broad. But the canal shows considerable variations in its caliber. The optic canal attains its full size at 3 and 5 years of age. Since the radiograms of the optic canal was taken in the living human subject first by Rhese (1911), various radiographic methods have been revised by many other scholars. The development of the radiographic technique made it possible not only to evaluate the morphology (size, shape and its symmetry) of the canal but also to find its pathology such as fracture, fissure, callus formation and abnormal shadow. In the radiogram of the optic foramen the most shows a quadrant of a circle in shape, being more or less elliptical, circular or quadrangular. The two principal diameters were measured: the A diameter, which is principal downward and outward at an angle, and the B diameter, which is at right angle to A (Goalwin, 1924). The average A diameter of normal adult optic foramen was reported to be 4.3 mm and the B 4.4 mm by Goalwin (1926, 1927). The average transverse diameter of normal optic foramen was said to be 5.5 mm by Harwood-Nash (1970). In Korea, normal Korean optic canal has never been surveyed roentgenologically. Theshape, size and symmetry of 312 normal optic foramen of 156 Korean were studied in the radiogram taken by Goalwin's method from January, 1974 to December, 1979. 1. The shape of the optic foramen was oval (42.4%), circular (28.4%), a quadrant of a circle (19.8%) and elliptical (9.4%). And 86% of the foramen showed symmetrical in shape. 2. The size of the optic foramen was as follows; A diameter is 4.73 mm (right), 4. 76mm (left); B diameter 5.00 mm (right), 5.06 mm (left); horizontal diameter 4.71 mm (right), 4.65 mm (left); vertical diameter 4.93 mm (right), 4.97 mm (left). Differnce between the diameters of the foramen measured by means of roentgenography and the actual diameter calculated by Goalwin's formula was 0.03~0.04 mm. 3. The diameter of optic foramen seemed to attain its full size at 5 years of age. The average size of each diameter before age 5 was shorter than that after age 5 by 0.44~0.96 mm (p<0.006). 4. There were no appreciable variations in size and shape depending on sex. 5. The optic foramen was same on the two sides (13.8%). Differences of 5% or less were noted in 41.8%; differences of 20% or less shown in 89.1%. 6. Differences between the diameters (A, B, vertical of the foramen of the right and that of the left were less in the symmetrical foramen than asymmetrical (p<0.04).

Orbital Abscess Simulating Orbital Tumor

The authors have experienced with a case of orbital abscess that was thought to be an orbital tumor. The patient was a 5 year old Korean boy who had exophthalmos in the right eye, but he did not have definite signs of inflammation. On the orbital venogram, there was a space occupying lesion in the lateral and posterior portion of the right eye. To obtain the precise diagnosis of the lesion, we made a surgical approach and drainage of the pus was performed. The pus culture yielded coagulase-positive Staphylococcus. The literature relating to orbital abscess was briefly reviewed.

A Case of Down's Syndrome

The term Down's syndrome is preferred to mongolism. The most constant characteristic of disease is mental retardation. The incidence of Down's syndrome is about 1/600 in the general population, being roughly the same in various parts of world and in all races. The patient's mother's age at the same time of conception as well as the nature of chromosomalmalformation are in genetic counseling. We reported a case of Down's syndrome in 5 year old female who was bone in 38 year old mother, and she was noted epicanthus, nystagmus, esotropia, Brush-field spots. Other systemic manifestation-, Simian crease, short extrimites, inward curved 5th finger, Sandal gap foot, congenital heart disease, prominent abdomen-, was also noted.

The Studieg on Vertical Eye Movement Disorders: Vertical Saccadic Velocity Measurements

This study is concerned with human vertical saccadic systam to various visual stimulus. A system is described fer the recording and analysis of corrective movements and the angular velocities asscciated with 10 degrees and 20degrees vertical saccades. Recordings wsre made with photoelectric IR reflection method and the saccades were induced by a target system which operates on non-predictable manner. Statistical results for average peak veIomnes of right eye are given for a group of 4 normal subjects and compared with horizontal saccades. Most of corrective movements were categorized to saccadic and glissadic and magnitude of corrective errors were within 1 degree and 2 degrees and showed 20% production rate. The peak velccity statistics showed as 280 and 440 deg/s associated with 10 degrees and 20 degrees vertical movement and downward values were slightly faster than upward movements. Our results were compared with horizontal saccades and discussed the possibility of research and clinical tool that could be used on a large number and variety of patients.

The Study for the Velocity Measurement of the Horizontal Saccadic Eye Movement

Saccadic eye movement may be difined entirely on the basis of velocity-amplitude characteristics. Despite the obvious importance of saccadic peak velocity measurements, there is lack of agreement about saccadic velocity-amplitude relationships in general and particularly with regard to the direction of movement. The variability of the results is attributed mostly to different recording techniques used and partly to the sample size. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of saccadic direction for the determination of their possible influence upon the horizontal saccadic peak velocity. Therefore, six basic patterns of horizontal saccadic movement were determined and the direction and velocity of these basic patterns of the angular distance of 10 degrees were recorded and discussed. The experimental apparatus consisted of Biometrics Eye Movement Monitors, target function generators, oscillographic recorders and the other fixation devices. The experimental subjects were three healthy Korean adults. All experiments had been performed in the dark room for 4 weeks. The position and peak velocity of saccadic eye movement in the records were carefully observed and the data were analyzed statistically for significant change with the use of t-test at the 5 per cent level and the main results are as follows: 1. In the horizontal saccadic eye movement in the angular distance of 10 degrees, the production rate of undershoot or corrective movement is low and most of the saccadic eye movement are normal. 2. The mean of the saccadic peak velocity is 295.6 deg/sec in the angular distance of 10 degrees. 3. The mean horizontal saccadic peak velocity is faster in the nasal direction, as compared with the temporal direction, but the difference is not statistically significant. 4. The mean saccadic peak velocity is greater in the nasal than in the temporal direction among the velocities of the centering, decentering and symmetry but the difference is not statistically significant. 5. The analysis of the results showed that the mean horizontal saccadic peak velocity has no statistically significant difference between the nasal and the temporal direction in the angular distance of 10 degrees. Author feels that the methods and results of this study may be useful tools in the diagnosis and research of eye disease related to the nervous system and that further study to establish the standard data of saccadic peak velocity should be performed at the various angular distances.