ABSTRACT
Introduction: Forensic odontology involves the collection, management, interpretation, evaluation, and presentation of dental evidence for criminal or civil legal proceedings, a combination of various aspects of the dental, scientific and legal professions. Bite mark analysis is an essential aspect of it that can significantly impact the courtroom or when considering the care of children and women deemed at risk. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained and analyzed from previously published literature and electronic database searches of relevant published literature from PubMed and Google Scholar. Forensic odontologists examine, interpret, analyze, and prepare reports on bruises or marks thought to be caused by teeth and, on occasion, are cross-examined in a court of law. Hence, they are considered essential in forensic dentistry in solving crimes to find either suspects or even victims in self-inflicted injuries as they are caused either by humans or animals that reveal biting edges, spacing, restorations, missing teeth, broken teeth, or supernumerary teeth unique to that individual. The main reasons for causation are sexual crimes, homicides, child abuse, and violent fights. There are many methods to analyze, that are classified into manual, semi-automatic, and automatic methods. Objectives: This review highlights the bite marks in detail about their characteristics, methods of collection and different methods of analysis and its applications in forensic odontology. Conclusion: This review shows different methods of analyzing bitemarks and explains the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations, and identifies which method is better advisable and adaptableforanalysis.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Forensic odontology is an important and evolving branch. It has been established for critical issues like medi- colegal cases and identification of a dead person. Radiographic assisted documentation will provide objective information including the precise recording of the uniqueness of every individual where it has been used extensively in dental identification based on anatomy and by comparing maxillofacial skeletal landmarks in antemortem and post mortem records. Main body: Human Identification is mainly based on a dead body decomposition state. More likely of missing persons and the identification of individuals in conditions like criminal investigations and mass disasters. Odontological method for human identification is used commonly as it is simple by comparing with other methods, but complex in execution and requires skills and expertise. There are so many radiological techniques for forensic purposes like Computer tomography, cone-beam com- puter tomography, Orthopantomogram, 3D facial reconstruction, Radiovisiography, and Virtopsy. Objectives: This review highlights the different radiographic techniques and procedures and its application in forensic odon- tology. Source search criteria: Data were obtained and analyzed from previously published literature and electronic database search- es of relevant published literature from PubMed and Google Scholarfrom the 2001 to 2021 year. Conclusion: Imaging technologies and radiographs have become a vital component of modern medical practice and foren- sic odontology. The application of any of the mentioned techniques depends on the availability of previous images, data, or skeletal findings for Identification. So forensic radiology has a potential for crime-solving and is useful in conventional dental identification based on anatomy and by comparing maxillofacial skeletal landmarks in antemortem and post-mortem records, as they have become a crucial part of dental practice as well as in forensic odontology for diagnosis of disease, treatment plan- ning, identification of tooth structures, and age estimation.
ABSTRACT
ABO incompatibility is one of the most common cause of haemolytic disease of fetus and new-born (HDFN). The expression of ABO incompatibility in most of the cases is mild due to the lower expression of A and B Antigens on fetal red cells. ABO incompatibility has affected the first pregnancy and is milder in the subsequent pregnancies. However, we describe this case with unusually severe form of ABO incompatibility which had an effect not only in her first pregnancy but also in all her subsequent pregnancies, evident as recurrent abortions and both her neonates developed pathological jaundice requiring exchange transfusion. It also emphasizes the fact that ABO incompatibility is not always a benign condition and should be considered in all babies whose mothers have O blood group, even in the presence of a negative DAT. Anticipation of ABO incompatibility not only in the first pregnancy but also in the subsequent pregnancies is necessary. Early diagnosis with cord blood bilirubin can prevent neonatal morbidity.