ABSTRACT
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Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comprises a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic cell neoplasms of myeloid lineage that arise from the clonal expansion of their precursors in the bone marrow, interfering with cell differentiation, leading to a syndrome of bone marrow failure. AML is a consequence of genetic and epigenetic changes (point mutations, gene rearrangements, deletions, amplifications, and arrangements in epigenetic changes that influence gene expression) in hematopoietic precursor cells, which create a clone of abnormal cells that are capable of proliferating but cannot differentiate into mature hematopoietic cells or undergo programmed cell death. The diagnosis requires more than 20% myeloid blasts in the bone marrow and certain cytogenic abnormalities. Treatment will depend on age, comorbidities, and cytogenetic risk among the most frequent.
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Resumen Las plaquetas tienen un papel central en diferentes escenarios fisiológicos, incluyendo la hemostasia; se unen unas con otras en la agregación plaquetaria, lo cual permite formar un coágulo plaquetario. Para que la agregación sea apropiada se requiere del complejo glicoproteico IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) en la superficie plaquetaria. Toda alteración funcional plaquetaria, hereditaria o adquirida, impide la formación adecuada del coágulo y se manifiesta como hemorragia. Las enfermedades plaquetarias hereditarias son raras y, hasta recientemente, fueron ignoradas. Una de las más reconocidas y estudiadas es la trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG), entidad en la cual el número de plaquetas puede ser normal pero la función está alterada. Es un padecimiento autosómico y recesivo que causa hemorragia de diferente intensidad toda la vida y en la cual el problema radica en precisamente en la GPIIb/IIIa. Las hemorragias son típicamente mucocutáneas: equimosis, púrpura, epistaxis, gingivorragia; menos frecuentes son la hemorragia gastrointestinal, hemartrosis o en sistema nervioso central. La hiperpolimenorrea es común en las mujeres y llega a ser tan importante que amerita transfusiones en la menarca. La TG afecta a todos los grupos étnicos y su prevalencia varía entre 1/40,000 y 1/400,000. A pesar de esta información acerca de la TG en el mundo, hay pocas guías o recomendaciones basadas en la opinión de expertos y experiencias unicéntricas. En México la TG es rara y no se cuenta con una recomendación general para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. El objetivo de este documento fue establecer un consenso y hacer sugerencias generales para su diagnóstico y tratamiento.
Abstract Platelets have a central role in several physiological scenarios including hemostasis. Platelets bind each other during platelet aggregation allowing the proper formation of the clot; to be appropriate, platelet aggregation requires the glycoproteic complex IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa). Every platelet function abnormality both, congenital or acquired, impedes clot formation and favors bleeding episodes. Hereditary platelet abnormalities are rare and, until recently, they were almost ignored. Among these disorders, Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) is a widely recognized abnormality in which platelet counts may be normal, but their function is affected. GT is an autosomal, recessive disease that causes life-long bleeding of different intensity. Main biochemical abnormality resides in GPIIb/IIIa. Bleeding is typically mucocutaneous: easy bruising, purpura, and nose and gum bleeds; less frequently are gastrointestinal bleeds, hemarthrosis, or intracranial. Menorrhagia and hyperpolymenorrhea are common findings in in women and may be the cause of anemia requiring blood transfusions at fertile age. GT affects all ethnic groups and its prevalence ranges between 1/40,000 to 1/400,000. Despite this worldwide information regarding GT, only a few guidelines and recommendations have been published, most of them based on expert opinions. In Mexico, GT is rare and there is not a general recommendation regarding its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this document was to establish a consensus to suggest a general guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of GT in Mexico.
ABSTRACT
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Abstract Hemophilia is a hemorrhagic disorder with a sex-linked inherited pattern, characterized by an inability to amplify coagulation due to a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A or classic) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Sequencing of the genes involved in hemophilia has provided a description and record of the main mutations, as well as a correlation with the various degrees of severity. Hemorrhagic manifestations are related to levels of circulating factor, mainly affecting the musculoskeletal system and specifically the large joints (knees, ankles and elbows). This document is a review and consensus of the main genetic aspects of hemophilia, from the inheritance pattern to the concept of women carriers, physiopathology and classification of the disorder, the basic and confirmation studies when hemophilia is suspected, the various treatment regimens based on infusion of the deficient coagulation factor as well as innovative factor-free therapies and recommendations for the management of complications associated with treatment (development of inhibitors and/or transfusion transmitted infections) or secondary to articular hemorrhagic events (hemophilic arthropathy). Finally, relevant reviews of clinical and treatment aspects of hemorrhagic pathology charachterized by acquired deficiency of FVIII secondary to neutralized antibodies named acquired hemophilia.
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Resumen El linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) se debe a la transformación clonal de células originadas en los linfocitos B, lo que genera las células binucleadas patognomónicas de Reed-Sternberg. El LH es una enfermedad de células B con una distribución bimodal, con mayor incidencia en la adolescencia y la tercera década de la vida y un segundo pico en personas mayores de 55 años. Las células del LH clásico habitualmente sufren una reprogramación de la expresión génica, ya que pierden la expresión de la mayoría de los genes típicos de las células B y han adquirido la expresión de múltiples genes que son típicos de otros tipos de células del sistema inmunitario. El algoritmo de tratamiento dependerá si se trata de LH clásico o de predominio linfocítico, si es un estadio temprano con marcadores de pronóstico desfavorables o no, el esquema inicial de manejo y si existe enfermedad voluminosa, entre las variables más relevantes.
Abstract Hodgkin's lymphoma is due to the clonal transformation of cells originating from B lymphocytes, generating the pathognomonic binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a B cell disease with a bimodal distribution, with higher incidence in adolescence and the third decade of life, showing a second peak in people over 55 years of age. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma cells routinely undergo gene expression reprogramming, as they lose the expression of most of the typical B-cell genes and acquire the expression of multiple genes that are typical of other types of cells in the immune system. The treatment algorithm will depend on whether it is classic or predominantly lymphocytic HL, if it is early stage with unfavorable prognostic markers or not, the initial management regimen, and whether there is bulky disease, among the most relevant variables.
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Resumen La pandemia por enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), causada por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), ha afectado ya a 180 países. Los pacientes con cáncer/inmunosupresión a mayor edad tienen más riesgo de presentar formas graves de la enfermedad. Los pacientes con leucemia aguda son un reto para el manejo durante la pandemia. Las recomendaciones para el manejo de estos pacientes están basadas en opinión de expertos. Se trata de una población en la que hay que realizar de forma sistemática pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para SARS-CoV-2 y diferir en la medida de lo posible la quimioterapia citotóxica en los pacientes que resulten positivos. Por otro lado, algunos de los fármacos frecuentemente utilizados como los corticosteroides, el rituximab o la asparaginasa, pueden potencialmente complicar el curso del COVID-19, por lo que se deberá de considerar diferirlos o ajustarlos en poblaciones de mayor riesgo. De la misma forma, tomando en cuenta las particularidades de cada centro, en ciertos casos se podrá considerar dar preferencia a los esquemas de tratamiento ambulatorios que nos permitan además disminuir el requerimiento transfusional. Finalmente, muchos de los pacientes con leucemia aguda son candidatos para recibir trasplante alogénico de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (aloTCPH). Debe tomarse en cuenta la limitación de los espacios en terapia intensiva, así como el grado de inmunosupresión derivado del trasplante. La recomendación es no diferir los aloTCPH en los pacientes con una mayor riesgo de recaída de la enfermedad. Más adelante conoceremos las consecuencias de las modificaciones en el tratamiento derivadas de la pandemia sobre la leucemia.
Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already affected 180 countries. Older patients and patients with cancer or immunosuppression are at greater risk of severe forms of the disease. Patients with acute leukemia are challenging to manage during the pandemic. Recommendations for the management of these patients are based on expert opinion. This is a population in which polymerase chain reaction tests for SARS-CoV-2 must be performed routinely and cytotoxic chemotherapy should be deferred as far as possible in positive patients. On the other hand, some of the frequently used drugs such as corticosteroids, rituximab or asparaginase, can potentially complicate the course of COVID-19, so consideration should be given to deferring or adjusting them in higher-risk populations. In the same way, considering the particularities of each center, in certain cases it may be reasonable to give preference to outpatient regimens that also allow us to decrease the transfusion requirement. Finally, many of the patients with acute leukemia are candidates to receive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). The limitation of the spaces in intensive care units must be considered, as well as the degree of immunosuppression derived from the transplant. The recommendation is not to defer alloHSCT in patients with an increased risk of relapse. Later, we will learn about the consequences on of the modifications in treatment on leukemia derived from the pandemic.