Comparison of salivary ion activity product for hydroxyapatite [IPHA], alkaline phosphatase and buffering capacity of adults according to age and caries severity

Statement of Problem: Tooth caries is influenced by different biochemical characteristics of saliva. As hydroxyapatite is the main component of enamel, salivary ion activity product for hydroxyapatite [IPHA] as well as alkaline phosphatase may be attributed to dental caries

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare salivary buffering capacity, alkaline phosphatase and IPHA of adults according to the dental caries and age

Materials and Method: One hundred and twenty 19 to 44 years old male individuals were divided into four groups according to the dental caries rate and age: group 1: 19-35 years old low dental caries [DMFT <5]; group 2: 19-35 years old high dental caries [DMFT 5<]; group 3: 35-44 years old low dental caries [DMFT <11] and 35-44 years old high dental caries [DMFT 11<]. Five milliliter of unstimulated saliva was collected, and then buffering capacity, the level of alkaline phosphatase activity and IPHA was determined for each sample. Data was analyzed by soft ware SPSS using two way ANOVA, Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests

Results: Mean and standard deviation of buffering capacity of group 1 to 4 was 2.66 +/- 0.54, 2.64 +/- 0.56, 2.70 +/- 0.70 and 2.26 +/- 0.82, respectively. The difference was not significance [p= 0. 305]. Mean and standard deviation of alkaline phosphatase activity of group 1 to 4 was 5.82 +/- 2.91, 5.30 +/- 1.52, 4.77 +/- 1.82 and 4.55 +/- 1.61, respectively. There was no significant difference [p= 0.692]. Mean and standard deviation of IPHA of group 1 to 4 was 29.39 +/- 0.61, 29.51 +/- 0.76, 29.14 +/- 0.56 and 29.75 +/- 0.75, respectively. The difference was significant [p= 0.049]

Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, buffering capacity and the level of alkaline phosphatase couldn't affect dental caries, independently. However, the higher value of IPHA may be attributed to the higher dental caries rate. Ageing decreases alkaline phosphatase activity

[Biochemical and antimicrobial activities of salvia officinalis L. and mentha piperita L. essential oils]

Although antibiotics are used in conventional treatment of infectious diseases, a lot of unexpected side effects along with resistance to antibiotics appear. Salvia officinalis and Mentha piperita are plants found abundantly in most parts of Iran. In the present study, we extracted and identified the chemical compounds of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis and Mentha piperita. Moreover, the anti-oxidative property, free radical scavenging capacity, and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of these plants were studied. This study was conducted in the Biotechnology Department laboratories, Agricultural Faculty of Avicina University, Hamadan, Iran, in 2009. The aerial parts of Salvia officinalis and Mentha piperita were harvested in summer, when the plants were in their full blooming stage and dried in the shade. The essential oil of the aerial parts was extracted by hydrodistillation and was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS method. The micro-organisms employed in this study were: E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, L. monocytogenes. By employing disc diffusion and tube dilution methods, antimicrobial effects of the oils were studied. Antioxidative property, free radical scavenging capacity, and antimicrobial activities of the oils were also studied. Chemical analysis of the extracts resulted in the identification of 28 and 37 compounds in the essential oils of Salvia officinalis and Mentha piperita respectively. The sensitivity of the bacteria to the oils in order of decreasing the sensitivity was L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. enteritidis. The antibacterial properties of the essential oil from Mentha piperita leaves were higher than the oil of Salvia officinalis leaves. Also inhibitions zones of microbial growth were not correlated with the microbicidal kinetics of the oils. This study showed that the herbal essences of Salvia officinalis and Mentha piperita are very active against E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis and L. monocytogenes

[Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essence oil of peppermint [mentha piperita L]]

Peppermint [Mentha piperita L.] is a perennial herbaceous essence oil bearing plant which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. This plant is a valuable and important herb which has many therapeutic properties. Recent investigations have shown its excellent anti-irritable bowel syndrome effects. Other properties of this plant are anti-inflammatory, analgesic, promote menstrual flow, antipyretic, antiseptic and anti-rheumatoid effects. This investigation was conducted to study the antibacterial properties of peppermint essence oil, as well as determining the content and composition of essential oil. In order to study the effect of the antibacterial activity of the essence oil of peppermint, this experimental study was conducted in 2009 at Hamedan University of Medical Sciences. The aerial parts of the peppermint were harvested in summer when it was in the full blooming stage of the plant. The collected aerial parts were then dried in the shade. The essence oil of the aerial parts was extracted by hydro-distillation technique using Clevenger apparatus and was analyzed by the capillary GC and GC/MS method. Anti bacterial properties of the essence oil on four pathogenic bacteria were determined by using broth dilution and well diffusion agar methods. The collected data were analyzed by the SPSS version 11.5 software, using the independent t-test. The essence oil of peppermint showed the maximum anti bacterial effect on E. coli and the minimum effect on S. aureus and P. aeuroginosa. The essence oil content of aerial parts was 0.69% [w/w] based on dry weight. The amount of menthol which is the main constituent of the oil and as an antiseptic component was 47.9%.Results of this study revealed that the essential oil of peppermint is rich in menthol and can be considered as an antibacterial agent in drug and food industries

effects of chlorhexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival bleeding of fasting people

Dental plaque is the main etiological factor in periodontal diseases and there is no study on using chlorhexidine by fasting people. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of using chlorhexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival bleeding of fasting people. This experimental, controlled, cross-matched clinical trial study was implemented on thirty individuals [men and women] with the mean age of 40 +/- 1 year who attended Periodontic Department of Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and were divided randomly into two groups. Chlorhexidine mouthwash was used in the test group after dawn meal time [sahar] and breaking fasting time [eftar]. The control group did not use any mouthwash. The plaque and gingival indices were measured in three stages; the first on 2-3 days before the beginning of Holy month of Ramadan, the second after the first ten days, and the third following 4 days of washout period. After the second ten days of Ramadan the test and control groups were replaced by each other. The findings were analyzed by T test between the two groups and by paired T test in each group. The amount of dental plaque and gingival bleeding indices decreased significantly in individuals using chlorhexidine mouthwash [P<0.0001]. The amount of dental plaque and gingival bleeding showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups with a better result for test group [P<0.001]. Chlorhexidine mouthwash demonstrated positive effects on decreasing the amount of dental plaque and gingival bleeding in fasting people