Changes in the concentration of Ions in saliva and dental plaque after application of CPP-ACP with and without fluoride among 6-9 year old children

The casein phospho peptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with or without fluoride [CPP-ACPF and CPP-ACP respectively] are of considerably new materials which are highly recommended for prevention of dental caries. However, there is a shortage in literature on how they affect the ion concentration of saliva or dental plaque

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of calcium, phosphate and fluoride in the plaque and saliva of children with Early Childhood Caries [ECC] after applying the CPP-ACP paste in comparison with the use of CPP-ACPF paste

Materials and Methods: One ml of un-stimulated saliva of 25 preschool children was collected and then 1 mg of the plaque sample was collected from the buccal surfaces of the two first primary molars on the upper jaw. CPP-ACP as well as CPP-ACPF pastes were applied on the tooth surfaces in two separate steps. In steps, plaque and saliva sampling was performed after 60 minutes. The amount of calcium ions was measured by Atomic Absorption Device and the amount of phosphate and fluoride ions was measured by Ion Chromatography instrument. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measurements ANOVA at a p < 0.05 level of significance

Results: Application of both CPP-ACPF and CPP-ACP significantly increased the concentration of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride in both saliva and dental plaque. Moreover, significantly higher salivary fluoride concentration was seen after application of CPP-ACPF compared to CPP-ACP. No other significant difference was observed between these two materials

Conclusions: CPP-ACPF can be more useful than CPP-ACP in protecting the primary teeth against caries process, especially when there is poor hygiene

[Comparison of fluoride uptake into enamel from sodium fluoride gel 0.05% produced in Iran and stannous fluoride 0.4% gel]

The present study compared fluoride uptake into enamel from sodium fluoride 0.05% gel and American Dental Association approved fluoride gel [Stannous fluoride 0.4%, Sultan Co.] when used on healthy enamel of the intact teeth. In an experimental study, 30 intact teeth extracted for orthodontic purposes were randomly assigned into two groups of 15 teeth. The teeth were sectioned in two mesial and distal halves as control and experimental sides. Defined semi-circular areas on the enamel of experimental halves were treated with gel for 4 minutes, the halves were stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours at 37§C, etched for 30 seconds by 0.5 M perchlorid Acid and washed by 0.2 ml KOH after each etching. Biopsy of the samples was obtained by Acid Etch Enamel Biopsy technique and the fluoride and calcium concentration were calculated by potentiometer and spectrophotometer respectively. Paired t test and student t test were used for statistical analyses. The results showed significant increase of enamel fluoride content in the experimental halves after exposure to both stannous fluoride 0.4% [P=0.0001] and sodium fluoride 0.05% [P=0.009]. Mean fluoride uptakes in stannous fluoride 0.4% gel and sodium fluoride 0.05% gel groups were respectively 4052.5 ppm and 892.5 ppm that shows statistically significant difference [P=0.0001]. Although both sodium fluoride 0.05% and stannous fluoride 0.4% increased fluoride Content of tooth enamel after application, stannous fluoride 0.4% caused more fluoride uptake into the tooth enamel that is due to its higher amount of fluoride ion [1000 ppm] compared to sodium fluoride gel [225 ppm]

[Fluoride content of drinking waters in Kerman/Iran]

It has been proved that sufficient amount of fluoride in drinking water can decrease the rate of dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine fluoride content of drinking waters in the 8 cities of Kerman province as well as 11 types of mineral water sold in supermarkets of Kerman. Fluoride contents of 42 drinking water samples belonged to 8 cities of Kerman province and 11 brands of mineral water sold in Kerman city was determined by ponentiometry method and using specific electrode of fluoride ion. Mean Fluoride content of drinking water was 0.17 ppm in Kerman, 0.47ppm in Zarand, 0.39ppm in Rafsanjan, 0.49ppm in Jiroft, 0.43 ppm in Bam, 0.39ppm in Sirjan, 0.44ppm in Kahnooj and 0.41ppm in Baft. Fluoride content of studied mineral waters was in the range of 0.04 - 0.27ppm. Considering the temperature of these cities, it seems that the fluoride content of drinking waters is lower than the recommended range for preventing dental caries

[Non-aqueous titration for the determination of azelaic acid: introduction and method validation]

Alpha-hydroxylic acids are widely used in the treatment and control of skin disorders. Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring Alpha-hydroxy acid that can be formed endogenouslyfi.om long-chain dicarboxylic acids, metabolism of oleic acid or omega oxidation of mono carboxylic acids. It shows bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms present on acne-bearing skins. The beneficial effects of azelaic acid have been lead to deferent pharmaceutical formulations such as creams, gels, etc. HPLC and GC techniques are mostly used for the determination of Azelaic acid in plasma. These techniques are very accurate but they are expensive and time consuming due to the lack of chromophore and consequently the necessity of pre-column sample preparation. For the determination of azelaic acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms, a simple method with suitable accuracy and precision is needed. In this research, no aqueous titration was used for the determination of azelaic acid For this purpose, azelaic acid was titrated by sodium methoxide in the presence of thymol blue. The results of method validation by considering various parameters showed the accuracy of the suggested method in the determination of azelaic acid in pharmaceutical formulations

[Formulation of erytromycine and tretinoin in a topical gel base]

Acne vulgaris is a chronic and prevalent usually self-limited disorder. Topical medication is the main route for acne therapy. In this disorder, the most widely used topical preparations are antibiotics such as Erythromycin and keratolytic agents such as Tretinoin. Excellent results with minimal side effects may be achieved by a fixed combination of Tretinoin and Erythromycin. This combination therapy increases efficacy and a faster response in the treatment of acne may be achieved. The purpose of this work was to assess a suitable formulation of Erythromycin and Tretinoin in a topical gel base. UV spectrophotometer analysis was chosen for Erythromycin and Tretinoin assay. This method was adapted to assay Erythromycin and Tretinoin in their combination. The proposed method for Erythromycin was the formation of a complex with O- nitro benzaldehyde, in glacial acetic acid and in the presence of hydrochloric acid, which manifested maximum absorbance at 486nm. For the measurement of Tretinoin, the absorption peak at 355nm in acidic Ethanol-Water-Iso Propyl alcohol [IPA] mixture was suitable. In order to formulate the Tretinoin and Erythromycin in a gel base, gelling agents, plasticizers, solvents, cosolvents such as Carbopol, HPC, HPMC, Ethanol, Propylene Glycol [PG], Isopropyl Alcohol [IPA] and Water have been used. By using tertiary diagrams, the most proportionate percentage of gel constituents have been determined. The formulations have been controlled for rheological, organoleptic properties and physical and chemical stability under several conditions [4, 25, 40 degree C]. The release of drugs from the gels was studied using Franz diffusion cell and the best formulations were chosen. Drug release rates followed Higuchi's law. The results indicated that Erythromycin and Tretinoin could be formulated in a gel base with a suitable release profile and presented to pharmaceutical market