[Essential oil content and composition of different parts [stem, leaf, flower and aerial part] of Achillea filipendula Lam]

Background: Achillea filipendula Lam. is an aromatic and medicinal plant, green with hard and thick stem and 80-100 cm height in proper condition

Objective: In this research, for determining the proper plant part of Achillea filipendula for essential oil extraction, the seeds of this plant were collected from East Azerbayjan province and cultivated in Research Station of Alborz [Karaj]. The oil percentage and chemical composition was studied in full flowering stage

Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were harvested in spring [2013]. The essential oils of stem, leaves and flowers were extracted by hydro-distillation separately. The essential oil of total aerial parts was also obtained. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS

Results: The results showed that the essential oil yields were 0.67% for flowers, 0.77% for leaves, 0.11% for stem and 0.6% for total aerial parts. Seventeen compounds were identified in the flower essential oil with santolina alcohol [18.5%], 1,8-cineole [26.2%], borneol [19.3%] and bornyl acetate [4.9%] as main components. Fifteen compounds were identified in the leaf essential oil with santolina alcohol [23.5%], 1,8-cineole [26.5%], borneol [19.1%] and bornyl acetate [6.3%] as major constituents. In the essential oil of stem, 13 components were characterized that neryl acetate [58.3%], spathulenol [7.4%] and globulol [3.4%] were the main components. Fifteen compounds were identified in aerial parts essential oil with santolina alcohol [20.6%], 1,8-cineole [33.7%], borneol [20.4%] and germacrene D [4.2%] as major constituents

Conclusion: All these parts of the plants contain essential oil, but with different yield and some difference and similarity in composition. It can be concluded that total aerial parts of Achillea filipendula are appropriate for distillation in spite of previous works that only flowers were used for obtaining essential oil

[Assessment of the accuracy of moyers prediction tables and Tanaka Johnston regression equations in a sample of Iranian population and introducing new regression equations in prediction of unerupted teeth]

Statement of Problems: Ethnic and sex differences in the mesiodistal width of the teeth have been proved in different studies. The prediction methods of the canine and premolar width have been obtained from other populations, which are in controversy with the results of previous Iranian studies

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Tanaka-Johnston prediction equations and Moyer's prediction tables in the prediction of un-erupted canines and premolars in a South Iranian population. Also, new regression equations and tables are presented to predict the width of the un-erupted canines and premolars based on the sum of the mesiodistal width of the lower incisors

Materials and Method: For this cross-sectional study, a total of 715 dental casts were recruited from southern Iranian population. The greatest mesiodistal widths of all the teeth were measured using digital caliper with the accuracy of 0.01 mm. All the data were compared with Moyers's and Tanaka-Johnston predictions using Pearson Correlation, independent t-test and paired sample t-test. New regression equations were presented with multiple linear regression tests and new prediction tables were presented with LMS chart maker software

Results: Tanaka-Johnston equations and Moyer's prediction tables revealed a significant difference with the mesiodistal dental width of southern Iranian population and the predictions were overestimated in this population. Also, there was a significant difference between the mesiodistal width of the teeth of males and females. So, new regression equations and tables [based on the sum of the lower incisors] were introduced for different jaws and sexes in this study. The suggested regression for prediction of the maxillary canine and premolars based on the summation of mesiodistal width of the lower incisors was y=0.529x+9.161 and for prediction of the mandibular canine and premolarsit was y=0.567x+7.827

Conclusion: Tanaka-Johnston and Moyer's prediction tables overestimate the actual size of southern Iranian's teeth width; Moyers prediction tables are not accurate in the prediction of the width of the canines and premolars in none of the percents. So, application of these methods is not suggested for Iranian population

[ software for space analysis and comparison of the accuracy of tooth measurements by digital and manual methods]

Statement of Problems: Several methods have been presented for the prediction of mesiodistal width of the unerupted canines and premolars. Nowadays, application of digital methods is suggested in dental analysis in orthodontics

Purpose: The aim of this study was to design a software for space analysis and comparison of the accuracy of tooth measurements by digital and manual methods in an Iranian population

Material and Method: By using Delphi and C++ programming languages, a software was designed. After insertion of 2 dimensional scanned images of dental casts, the software can predict mesiodistal width of the unerupted canines and premolars by using 12-variable regression equations based on the incisors and first molars. After providing 2 dimensional images of 125 dental casts in permanent dentition [75 females and 50 males], the prediction accuracy of regression equations was investigated. By providing 2-dimensional images of dental casts in 50 patients with mixed dentition, the accuracy of dental measurements was evaluated through the designed software. Moreover, the time duration of manual and digital measurements was evaluated. Data was analyzed in SPSS, version 17, using paired sample t-test for comparing the manual and digital measurements and evaluation of interobserver and intraobserver errors

Results: Prediction of the width of the canines and premolars by the designed software was not significantly different from manual measurement of those teeth on dental casts with digital Caliper [p >0.05]. There were no significant differences between manual and digital measurement of mesiodistal width of the teeth [p >0.05]. Also, there were no significant differences between intra-observer and inter-observer measurements and the speed of measurements in digital and manual methods. However, the time duration and speed of space analysis with these two methods were significantly different

Conclusion: The designed software has a good accuracy in prediction of unerupted canines and premolars with equations and it is an efficient tool for predicting the mesiodistal width of the teeth as to the time duration or speed

[Correlation between index of orthodontic treatment need [IOTN] and self-evaluation in 18-22 year old patients]

Index of orthodontic treatment need [IOTN] has several applications and advantages for determination of orthodontic treatment need. Due to the effects of different factors such as gender, age and socioeconomic status on treatment need based on self evaluation, it is important to evaluate correlation between orthodontic treatment need assessed by self- evaluation and real treatment need assessed by IOTN. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between orthodontic treatment need as assessed by IOTN and self- evaluation in 18-22 year old patients. Of 18-22 year old patients referred to Shiraz dental clinics, 240 were selected by random cluster sampling method. IOTN and self- evaluation questionnaires were filled in. In self-evaluation questionnaire, the mean scales for all the questions were determined as the scale of patient. The correlation between treatment need as assessed by IOTN and self-evaluation was evaluated by Pearson correlation and Partial correlation statistical analysis. There was a significant moderately positive correlation between Dental Health Component [DHC] and self-evaluation [r=0.51]. Also, the correlation between Aesthetic Component [AC] assessed by the examiner and patient and self evaluation was significantly positive. [r=0.39, r=0.31]. The significantly positive correlation between IOTN and self-evaluation indicates that in assessment of orthodontic treatment need, not only standard indices but also self-evaluation of the patient should be taken into account

[Comparison of second molar eruption patterns in skeletal class I and class II malocclusions]

The timing and pattern of eruption of second molars are clinically important factors and might be related to different types of craniofacial skeletal morphology and malocclusion.In this cross sectional study the eruptive positions of the second molars in Class I and Class II malocclusion were studied and compared. Pretreatment records including clinical examinations, and radiographs of 99 orthodontic patients, [56 girls and 43 boys with the mean age of 10.2 years] were evaluated. Approximately 25.3% of the patients had skeletal Class I, 35.3% had skeletal maxillary Class II, and 39.3% had skeletal mandibular Class II malocclusions. The eruptive position in relation to a reference line, as well as, the developmental stages of the patients' second molars, and the dental ages were recorded using theirs panoramic radiographs. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Chi- square tests. The mean values of dental and chronologic ages of the subjects were similar. The distribution of various developmental stages in each malocclusion group was similar. There was an association between the type of skeletal malocclusion and dental developmental stage of the second molars [p <0.0001]. The eruptive position of second molars was more occlusal in the maxilla of patients with maxillary Class II and more apical in the mandible of patients with mandibular Class II [p <0.0001] According to the present study, the maxillary second molars erupt earlier in maxillary Class II malocclusion patients, and the mandibular second molars erupt later in mandibular Class II malocclusion compared to other malocclusions

Lower third molar eruption following orthodontic treatment

This study assessed the effect of extraction and preservation of the 1st premolar on lower 3rd molar eruption. Orthodontic clinic records from 1993 to 1995 were evaluated before and after treatment and 8-9 years after treatment for 3 groups of patients: 32 with extraction of 1st premolars in both jaws, 32 with no extraction but orthodontic treatment and 48 controls with no extraction but orthodontic treatment in the upper jaws only. Successful eruption of 3rd molars was evaluated. There was a significant difference in the rates of successful eruptions in the extraction [42%], non-extraction [12%] and control [20%] groups. The findings indicate that 1st premolar extraction may increase the chance of 3rd molar eruption, leading to a lower incidence of health and economic complications

[Evaluation of enamel surface damage following use of two different adhesive resins and debonding pliers; a stereomicroscopic study]

At the final stage of fixed orthodontic treatment, the debonding process has high potential in causing enamel damages especially enamel cracks. Thus, the investigation on the effective factors involves in the amount of enamel damages including the type of resin and the method used for debonding is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the number of enamel cracks and changes in cracks length following bonding with two different adhesives, and debonding with two different pliers by stereomicroscope. In this interventionally in-vitro study, 120 extracted first premolars were randomly divided into four equal groups of 30. The metal brackets were bonded on the teeth with two pastes self-cure composite "Concise" in the first and second groups, and No-mix composite "Unite" in the third and fourth groups. The debonding was done by means of Lift off Debonding Instrument "LODI", in the first and third groups, and Dentaurum Bracket Removing Plier, in the second and forth groups, respectively. Before bonding and after debonding, all teeth were evaluated with stereomicroscope for comparing the changes in the number and lengths of enamel cracks. Data were analyzed using Wilcakson and Mann Whitney tests using SPSS statistical package. Statistically significant differences [p<0.001] in the number and length of enamel cracks after debonding were evident in all groups. The most increase in the number of new cracks was observed in the fourth group [p<0.05]. The results indicated statistically significant difference [p<0.05] in increasing the total length of enamel cracks between group 4 and groups 1, 2. The debonding procedure is principally destructive to enamel surfaces. Applying shear-peel force using bracket removing plier with Unite adhesive [group 4], increased the enamel defects compared to other combination of adhesives and debonding pliers

Orthodontic treatment needs of 12-15-year-old students in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

The study used the Dental Aesthetic Index to evaluate the orthodontic treatment needs of adolescents from state junior high schools in Shiraz city, Islamic Republic of Iran. A random sample of 900 pupils [450 girls, and 450 boys] aged 12-15 years old, who received no orthodontic treatment before or during the study, were selected randomly over 2 months in 2004. Most of the pupils [70.1%] had normal or minor malocclusion indicating no need for orthodontic treatment. Only 4.2% had malocclusion that required treatment. Severe and very severe grades of malocclusion were more disabling common in boys than girls. Iranian youth from Shiraz had better dental appearance and needed less orthodontic treatment than other populations

[Dento-skeletal characteristics of 8-13 year-old boys and girls with class ii division 1 malocclusion in Fars province; a cephalometric study]

The dentoskeletal characteristics of the Class II Division 1 patients dictate their treatment plan and mechanotherapy. This study was undertaken to describe the dentofacial characteristics of this type of malocclusion in 8-13 year-old children in Fars Province. The materials examined included 693 lateral head radiographs comprising two series of 213 films of normal occlusion children and 480 films of Class II Division 1 patients reffered to Orthodontic Department of Shiraz Dental School, taken during the years 2002 to 2004. The controls and the Class II Division 1 subjects were each divided into three groups according to age including 10-11, 12-13 and 14-15 and then divided into two subgroups according to gender. The radiographs were converted into computer-readable X and Y coordinate data and 36 linear and 15 angular measurements in the cranial base, maxilla, mandible and dentition, were provided [based on 35 points] and compared. The statistical analysis showed that the anterior cranial base was larger and more protrusive, with an increase in cranial base angle compared with controls. The mandible was smaller and its form and position was different from controls whereas, the maxilla [at the level of palate and alveolus] and the dentition were protrusive. The palate was inclined superiorly at its anterior half. The vertical maxillary exess and the increase of mid-facial convexity were visible. Various factors ranging from mandibular deficiency to maxillary protrusion with different dental configurations were responsible for the presence of Class II Division 1 malocclusion in our patients

Distribution of malocclusion types in 7-9-year-old Iranian children

This study assessed the malocclusion types, very severe crowding and need for serial extraction among a random sample of 7-9-year-old children in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Of the 3776 children 30.6% had normal occlusion, 47.4% class I malocclusion, 13.7% class II division 1 malocclusion [male/female ratio 3:2], 1.0% class II division 2 malocclusion [male/female ratio 3:1] and 2.1% class III malocclusion. Among the children examined, 47.9% had crowding problems and 14.7% of them had class I malocclusion with very severe crowding-more girls [17.3%] than boys [12.1%]. No correlation was observed between the types of malocclusion and family size, parents' occupation or level of education

[Comparison of the rate of maxillary incisors apical root resorption in 13-18 years old patients with Cl I, Cl II and Cl III malocclusions, before and after fixed orthodontic treatment]

Apical root resortpion of maxillary incisors is relatively a common phenomenon at the end of orthodontic treatment. Therefore, recognizing risk factors in root resorption before starting the treatment is very important. The aim of this study was to compare the amounts of apical root resorption in different malocclusion groups. The amount of apical root resorption in 219 fixed orthodontic [70 Cl 1, 76 Cl II and 73 Cl III patients] with first or second maxillary premolars extraction and with mean age of 15 +/- 0.5 years were evaluated through the examination of parallel radiographies [long cone] before and after treatment. The amount of apical root resorption was measured in groups by using Photoshop program [Version 7.0]. Then, the groups were compared and analyzed by t-test and one way ANOVA. One hundred percent of patients [84.96% of teeth] showed first degree resorption, 18%, zero degree resorption; 1.37%, third degree and 12.8% showed second degree resorption. The greater resorption of second degree was observed in Cl II patients. Left and right incisors and central and lateral incisors had no significant differences among all the three groups. The comparison between apical root resorption in CI, Cl II and Cl III groups indicated that the resorption in Cl II group was more than Cl I and Cl III groups [p<0.001]

Comparison of the antibacterial effects of persica mouthwash with chlorhexidine on streptococcus mutans in orthodontic patients

Chlorhexidine mouthwash has shown the highest antimicrobial effects in orthodontic patients, however, some complications have limited its widespread use. The goal of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effects of persica mouthwash with chlorhexidine in fixed orthodontics patients. Sixty patients [13-18 years old] on fixed orthodontic treatment, with desirable oral health were randomly divided into three equal groups of control, clorhexidine and persica. Patients were educated to properly use these mouthwashes. The control group was asked to wash their mouth with water twice a day. The numbers of streptococcus mutans colonies available in the elastic rings around the two bracket bases were determined in culture mediums before and immediately after a single application of water or mouthwashes and also following their daily uses for three weeks. The number of bacterial colonies then were compared at these three graps. The use of persica resulted in a significant [p<0.001] reduction in the number of streptococcus mutans colonies, albeit it was not as potent as chlorhexidine. Thirteen and fourty percent of patients using persica mouthwash experienced tooth discoloration and changes in taste respectively. The corresponding figures for chlorhexidine were 86% and 73% respectively. Significant reduction of streptococcus mutans colonies by persica as well as its lower tooth discoloration effects and unpleasant taste relative to chlorhexidine might give credence to the use of complementary herbal compounds in orthodontics patients

Soft tissue and dentoskeletal changes in class II division 1 patients following extraction and non-extraction treatment

Treatment with or without extraction in class II division 1 cases and their effect on the skeletodental and soft tissues in orthodontic treatment are in debate. Assessing the changes of hard and soft tissues in class II division 1 patients can evaluate facial esthetics following different treatment plannings. The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in subjects with class II division I malocclusions treated with and without extraction. Lateral cephalograms, photographic pictures, OPG radiographic and dental casts of 80 class II division 1 patients aged 12-17 [mean age: 13.6 +/- 1.7], among 900 referred patients to private office, were evaluated at two stages: Pretreatment and posttreatment. 40 patients [20 males and 20 females] had premolar extraction and 40 patients [20 males and 20 females] were treated non-extraction using head gear. All of them were treated with classic edgewise [0.22] system. Eighteen hard and 10 soft tissue landmarks were identified on each cephalogram. All landmarks were identified and checked. Thirty-six skeletal, dental and soft tissue linear and angular measurements were derived. Pearson Rank correlation and student t tests were used to analyze the data and compare the incremental changes between the groups before and after treatment. Absolute dimension within each sex and in extraction group were recorded before and after the treatments. Significance level for statistical comparisions was predetermined at p

Comparison of the antibacterial effects of persica and matrica, two herbal mouthwashes with chlohexidine mouthwash

Fixed orthodontic appliances are considered to be a clinical risk factor in terms of gingival and enamel integrity, because of plaque accumulation around the bracket bases which increases the levels of microorganisms. Although chlorohexidine significantly reduces plaque accumulation, but its side effects prevents its common use. The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the antibacterial effects of two herbal mouthwashes of persica and matrica with chlorhexidine in fixed orthodontic patients. A total of 68 orthodontic patients of 13-19 years old [who referred to a private clinic in 2002] with good oral hygiene were randomized into 4 groups. Group 1 [control] used water, group 2 used Chlorhexidine, group 3 used Persica and group 4 used matrica, twice a day for 3 weeks. The number of all bacterial colonies around the ring elastics of the upper canine and premolar growing in the culture media were counted before [T[1]] immediately after [T[2]] and 3 weeks after [T[3]] the use of the mouthwashes and water in all 4 groups and analyzed. Chlorhexidine, Persica and Matrica mouthwashes significantly reduced the amount of bacteria around the brackets immediately and after 20 days after their use. The inter group comparison showed that persica and matrica at T[2] and T[3] had significant differences with chlorhexidine group. So, Chlorhexidine was the most effective antibacterial mouthwash in T[2] and T[3]. Persica and Matrica groups showed no significant differences both in T[2] and T[3], but had significant difference with the control group. The use of herbal mouthwashes such as Persica and Matrica in orthodontic patients can significantly reduce the amount of microorganisms around the bracket bases without any side effect such as tooth discoloration which is seen with Chlorhexidine

relationship between glucose intolerance and blood pressure, body mass index, and waist to hip ratio in Tehran urban population: "Tehran lipid and glucose study"

Glucose intolerance, hypertension, and obesity are important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In this study we aim at assessing the association between WHR, BMI, and blood pressure and glucose tolerance status. Of 15000 urban individuals, 3-69 years old, chosen by cluster random sampling in the cross-sectional phase of a longitudinal study in the east of Tehran, 2886 men and 4013 women, between 30-69 years of age, underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes mellitus [OM] and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] were defined using WHO criteria. Blood pressure, weight, height, and hip and waist circumferences were measured according to standard protocols, and BMI and WHR were calculated. 911 subjects [13.2%] had IGT and 372 [5.4%] had diabetes. Obesity [BMI;:O:30 k and ,m2] was more common in OM and IGT than healthy individuals [45.1% and 39.1% vs 22.9%, respectively, p<0.001]. There was no significant difference among the prevalence of overweight [250.8 in females and WHR>0.95 in males] was present in 82.7, 75.6 and 53.7% of diabetics, IGT, and normal subjects respectively [p<0.001]. In forward stepwise logistic regression adjusted for age and sex, the following variables, in order of entering the model, were significantly associated with OM: age OR=4.4] 95% CI: 3-6.5, p<0.001]; Truncal obesity OR=1.8 [95% CI: 1.3-2.4, 0.001]; obesity OR=3 [95% CI: 2-4.3, p<0.001]; and overweight OR=2 [1.4-2.9, P<0.001]. Prevalences of hypertension in OM, IGT, and healthy subjects were 51.9, 39.5, and 18.8%, respectively [p<0.001] and when adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and WHR, all types of glucose disorders were significantly associated with hypertension: IGT OR=1.8 [95% CI: 1.5-2, p<0.001] and OM OR=2.4 [95% CI: 1.9-3, p<0.001]. Hypertension, obesity, and high WHR are more prevalent in individuals with diabetes and IGT than in normal population. Furthermore, truncal obesity is more often associated with glucose intolerance than with generalized obesity

Essential oil analysis wild and cultivated of cymbopogon olivieri [Boiss.] Bor. in Iran

Cymbopgon olivieri [Boiss.] Bor. with the common Persian names of kah-makki and Putar, an aromatic perennial grass of Iran, is distributed in tropical regions of south provinces of Iran. The aim of this study was evaluation of quantitative and qualitative differences in the essential oil composition of wild and cultivated samples of Cymbopgon olivieri. Aerial parts and rhizomes of plant were collected in June 2003 from Siahoo [Hormozgan province]. Rhizomes were cultivated in the field of Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University. Air-dried aerial parts of wild and cultivated samples were subjected to hydrodistillation. The obtained oils were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. In total 40 and 33 compounds were identified, representing 95% and 96.3% of the oils of natural and cultivated samples, respectively. The quantitative and qualitative oil components were compared. The main constituent of both samples was piperitone [48.9% and 56.7%] followed by a-terpinene [13.8% and 14.2%], limonene [6.3% and 7.5%] and elemol [3.7% and 4%]

[ importance of maxillary canine: a review]

Canines are the unique members of dental arches. They play a very important role in human and animal's dentition. They support lip and facial muscles and in this way promote facial esthetics. In addition, the canines act as important guideposts in occlusion. Their deep overbite serves as a protective mechanism relieving the posterior teeth from excessive and potentially damaging horizontal forces during lateral excursion of the mandible. The ectopic eruption and impaction of the canine is a frequently encountered problem. The prevalence is estimated to be between 0.8 to 2.8% in the maxilla. In the maxilla, it is shown to be palatal to dental arch in about 85% of the cases. The etiology of the ectopic eruption and impaction is not well understood although, according to some speculations, it can have a multi- factorial feature as: arch length discrepancy, genetic and familial trend, delayed exfoliation of the primary canine, abnormal tooth bud's position, trauma, etc. The diagnosis of unerupted canines involves: inspection, palpation and radiographic assessment. The ectopic canine would often require complex multidisciplinary treatment involving surgical, restorative, periodontal as well as orthodontic components. In this article, an overview of the incidence and sequelae as well as the surgical periodontal and orthodontic considerations in the management of impacted canines are presented

[Cephalometric evaluation of Cl. III patients treated with chin cap: a self controlled clinical trial]

Statement of Problem: The prevalence of Cl. III malocclusion has been reported to be various among different races [3-5%]. Early treatment of this malocclusion is highly recommended

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the effect of chin cap in early treatment of Cl. III malocclusion on the nasomaxillary complex and mandible

Materials and Methods: In a cases control study, 40 Cl. III patients treated by upper jaw appliance and chin cap, on the basis of reverse overjet and/or concave profile, were chosen. The mean force was measured to be 200 gr on each side for 18 hours/day. The mean age was 8.5+/-2 years old while 55% were female and 45% were male. The analysis of cephalometric data before and after treatment were done considering the skeletal, dental and soft tissue variables. The mean treatment period was 22+12 months and was continued until 34 months

Results: Cephalometric measurements showed the following changes: SNA=0.5+/-1.313, CoPo.A=2.7+/-2.348, SNB=-1.7+/-1.555, GoGnSN=1.7+/-1.605, NPog-FH=1.1+/-2.466, LAFH=2.8+/- 2.772, Wit's=2.7+/-1.872, ANB=1.1+/-1.331, IMPA=-3.1+/-4.298, 1 to NA=3.1+/-5.078 demonstrating an increase in anteroposteiror indices of maxilla, vertical change of mandibular growth and a change in the angle of anterior teeth of upper and lower jaws. Changes in upper and lower pharyneal space were not statistically significant

Conclusion: There was a negative correlation between the effect of chin cap therapy and age which was appeared in the early stages of its application

[Facial soft tissue evaluation in individuals with normal occlusion and skeletal relationship]

Statement of Problem: Despite numerous cephalometric studies and criteria proposed with respect to standards for hard tissue, studying and analysis of soft tissue has received much less attention in Iran

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate adults facial soft tissue with normal occlusion and skeletal relationships in Fars province

Materials and Methods: In this study 1500 university students in the age range of 18-24 years were examined clinically. From whom, those with normal occlusion and balanced faces were selected for cephalometric evaluation. After analysis, 44 subjects including 23 females and 21 males with normal cephalometric measurements were selected to conduct Steiner, Rickett's, Merrifield and Holdaway analysis on their facial soft tissue. The obtained values were then compared with standard ones using the above Cephalometric soft tissue analysis and the T and Leven's statistical tests

Results: According to the results of Merrifield analysis, values for the Z angle were almost identical and did not display a significant variation within each of the female and male groups. Using the Rickett's analysis, the mean distance for upper and lower lips from the Eline were not radically different, and similar values were obtained for both groups. The male subjects had more distinctive projected lips compared to their female counterpart. According to the results obtained from Steiner analysis, the mean distance value for the male group was higher than that of the female group. However the results from Holdaway analysis showed that only three variables out of a total of 11, chin thickness, upper lip thickness and the extent of upper lip strain had a statistically significant difference between the two subject groups. The remaining measured variables did not display any significant differences

Conclusion: We can conclude that men suffered from a higher upper lip strain compared with women. Furthermore, with the exception of Steiner and Holdaway [only for three of the measurements], statistically no significant differences were observed between the values of the sampled subjects and those sampled outside Iran