ABSTRACT
Abstract This study aimed to assess the influence of smoking on the subgingival metatranscriptomic profile of young patients affected by stage III/IV and generalized periodontal disease. Methodology In total, six young patients, both smokers and non-smokers (n=3/group), who were affected by periodontitis were chosen. The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for case-control reporting were followed. Periodontal clinical measurements and subgingival biofilm samples were collected. RNA was extracted from the biofilm and sequenced via Illumina HiSeq. Differential expression analysis used Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and differentially expressed genes were identified using the Sleuth package in R, with a statistical cutoff of ≤0.05. Results This study found 3351 KEGGs in the subgingival biofilm of both groups. Smoking habits altered the functional behavior of subgingival biofilm, resulting in 304 differentially expressed KEGGs between groups. Moreover, seven pathways were modulated: glycan degradation, galactose metabolism, glycosaminoglycan degradation, oxidative phosphorylation, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, butanoate metabolism, and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Smoking also altered antibiotic resistance gene levels in subgingival biofilm by significantly overexpressing genes related to beta-lactamase, permeability, antibiotic efflux pumps, and antibiotic-resistant synthetases. Conclusion Due to the limitations of a small sample size, our data suggest that smoking may influence the functional behavior of subgingival biofilm, modifying pathways that negatively impact the behavior of subgingival biofilm, which may lead to a more virulent community.