Uso y difusión responsable de la información en pandemia: un imperativo ético / The responsible use and dissemination of information in a pandemic: an ethical imperative

La actual pandemia por COVID-19 está generando un impacto sin precedentes en las distintas esferas de la vida, al mismo tiempo que ha puesto en valor la importancia que la disciplina Bioética tiene para el análisis y la deliberación de los desafíos éticos emergentes, previo a la adopción de decisiones razonables y prudentes. Un tema insuficientemente tratado en el curso de esta crisis, cuyos negativos efectos, se consideran, pueden llevar no sólo a interferir los canales de comunicación con la ciudadanía sino a afectar la adherencia esperada de la población a las indicaciones que se necesita que sigan, es la relativa al manejo y comunicación de la información. Asunto especialmente complejo cuando se vive un período de explosión informativa, caracterizada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como «infodemia¼. Este artículo, reivindicando el imperativo ético y jurídico de actuar responsable en la obtención, uso y difusión de la información que asiste a toda autoridad que desempeña una función social, propone una serie de recomendaciones para alcanzar su efectividad en la práctica.

The current COVID-19 pandemic is producing an unprecedented impact in the different spheres of life, at the same time that it has highlighted the importance that the Bioethics discipline has in analyzing and deliberating of emerging ethical challenges, before making reasonable and prudent decisions. The management and communication of information on this crisis has not been properly addressed, where it is considered that its negative effects may lead not only to interfere with the communication channels with citizens but also affect the expected adherence of the population to the indications that they need to follow. This issue is especially complex when experiencing a period of information explosion, a phenomenon called 'infodemic' by the World Health Organization. This article, claiming the ethical and legal imperative to act responsibly in collecting, using, and disse minating the information that helps any authority that plays a social function, proposes a series of recommendations to achieve its effectiveness in practice.

Eficacia de la Analgesia Preoperatoria con Antiinflamatorios no Esteroidales (Aines) en Cirugía de Terceros Molares. Revisión de la Literatura / Efficacy of Preemptive Analgesia with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids) in Third Molar Surgery. Literature Review

RESUMEN: El manejo del dolor postoperatorio en cirugía de desinclusión de terceros molares es fundamental. El uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINES), son considerados como una excelente alternativa para el manejo del dolor, siendo administrados tanto postoperatorios, como preoperatorios. El propósito de la presente revisión bibliográfica fue establecer la eficacia y seguridad de la analgesia preoperatoria con antiinflamatorios no esteroidales en desinclusiones quirúrgicas de terceros molares en las que hubiera remoción parcial o total de hueso. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos: PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library y Scielo; usando las palabras claves: Preemptive Analgesia, NSAID, Oral Surgery. Trece artículos fueron seleccionados, sumando un total de 875 pacientes evaluados. Si bien varios autores consideraron la analgesia preoperatoria con AINES, como un método eficaz, hacen falta más estudios que demuestren su eficacia en cirugía oral.

SUMMARY: The management of postoperative pain in third molar surgery is fundamental. The use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are considered an excellent alternative for pain management, administered both, postoperative and preoperative. The purpose of this review is to establish the efficacy and safety of preemptive analgesia with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in surgical disinclusions of third molars, in which at least partial bone was removed. We conducted a search in databases like: PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Library and Scielo; using the key words: Preemptive Analgesia, NSAID, Oral Surgery. Thirteen articles were selected, in total of 875 patients evaluated in the selected articles. Although several authors considered preemptive analgesia with NSAIDs as an effective method, more standardized studies are needed to demonstrate its effectiveness in oral surgery.

Effects of continuous vs interval exercise training on oxygen uptake efficiency slope in patients with coronary artery disease

The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a submaximal index incorporating cardiovascular, peripheral, and pulmonary factors that determine the ventilatory response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous exercise training and interval exercise training on the OUES in patients with coronary artery disease. Thirty-five patients (59.3±1.8 years old; 28 men, 7 women) with coronary artery disease were randomly divided into two groups: continuous exercise training (n=18) and interval exercise training (n=17). All patients performed graded exercise tests with respiratory gas analysis before and 3 months after the exercise-training program to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), respiratory compensation point, and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2). The OUES was assessed based on data from the second minute of exercise until exhaustion by calculating the slope of the linear relation between oxygen uptake and the logarithm of total ventilation. After the interventions, both groups showed increased aerobic fitness (P<0.05). In addition, both the continuous exercise and interval exercise training groups demonstrated an increase in OUES (P<0.05). Significant associations were observed in both groups: 1) continuous exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.57; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.57); 2) interval exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.80; OUES and VO2 VAT r=0.67). Continuous and interval exercise training resulted in a similar increase in OUES among patients with coronary artery disease. These findings suggest that improvements in OUES among CAD patients after aerobic exercise training may be dependent on peripheral and central mechanisms.

Effect of exercise training on ventilatory efficiency in patients with heart disease: a review

The analysis of ventilatory efficiency in cardiopulmonary exercise testing has proven useful for assessing the presence and severity of cardiorespiratory diseases. During exercise, efficient pulmonary gas exchange is characterized by uniform matching of lung ventilation with perfusion. By contrast, mismatching is marked by inefficient pulmonary gas exchange, requiring increased ventilation for a given CO2 production. The etiology of increased and inefficient ventilatory response to exercise in heart disease is multifactorial, involving both peripheral and central mechanisms. Exercise training has been recommended as non-pharmacological treatment for patients with different chronic cardiopulmonary diseases. In this respect, previous studies have reported improvements in ventilatory efficiency after aerobic exercise training in patients with heart disease. Against this background, the primary objective of the present review was to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in abnormal ventilatory response to exercise, with an emphasis on both patients with heart failure syndrome and coronary artery disease. Secondly, special focus was dedicated to the role of aerobic exercise training in improving indices of ventilatory efficiency among these patients, as well as to the underlying mechanisms involved.

Adição de lisina digestível em rações experimentais para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo / Addition of lysine in experimental diets for Nile tilapia juveniles

Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo determinar a necessidade nutricional de lisina digestível em rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Setecentos e vinte peixes masculinizados (7,30±0,11g) foram alimentados durante 30 dias com oito rações (26,81% de proteína digestível e 3090kcal/kg de energia digestível da ração) contendo teores crescentes de lisina digestível (1,24; 1,36; 1,48; 1,60; 1,72; 1,84; 1,96 e 2,08%). As tilápias foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com oito tratamentos, seis repetições e 15 peixes por unidade experimental. Foram avaliadas variáveis de desempenho (ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de sobrevivência, consumo de ração, consumo de lisina digestível, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiência proteica para ganho, eficiência de lisina para ganho e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio) e de composição corporal (teores de umidade, gordura, proteína, matéria mineral corporal e as taxas de deposição diária de proteína e gordura corporais). A elevação do teor de lisina digestível na ração não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração, a taxa de sobrevivência e os teores de umidade e de matéria mineral corporal, mas melhorou de forma quadrática (P<0,05) os demais parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do consumo de lisina e da eficiência de lisina para ganho, que aumentou e reduziu, respectivamente, de forma linear (P<0,05). Recomenda-se que rações para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo devam conter 1,84% de lisina digestível para máximo ganho de peso...

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional need of lysine in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Seven hundred and twenty masculinized fish (7.30±0.11g) were fed for 30 days with eight diets (26.81% of digestible protein and 3090 kcal/kg digestible energy of feed) containing increasing levels of lysine (1.24, 1.36, 1.48, 1.60, 1.72, 1.84, 1.96 and 2.08%). The tilapia were distributed in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and six replicates of 15 fish per experimental unit. We evaluated the performance variables (weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, feed intake, digestible lysine intake, feed conversion, protein efficiency for gain, efficiency of lysine for gain and efficiency of retention nitrogen) and body composition (moisture, fat, protein, ash body and deposition rates of daily protein and fat). The high levels of dietary lysine did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake, the survival rate and the moisture and ash body, but improved (P<0.05) other parameters, except for lysine intake and efficiency of lysine for gain, which increased and decreased, respectively, linearly (P<0.05). It is recommended that diets for juvenile Nile tilapia should contain 1.84% digestible lysine for maximum weight gain...

Proceso de atención de enfermería a un escolar con disminución del oxígeno en sangre por malformación cardíaca aplicando el modelo de Henderson / Nursing process to a school child with decreased blood oxygen by heart malformation using the Henderson model", "_i": "

En la actualidad, el cuidado de enfermería en su práctica diaria se basa en una metodología que le permite desarrollar intervenciones eficientes y de calidad, las cuales se fortalecen con la evidencia generada a través de la realización de estudios de caso. El estudio de caso es un método de investigación cualitativa que involucra el proceso de atención enfermería y las teorías de enfermería. Este artículo expone un estudio de un caso bajo el modelo de Virginia Henderson a un escolar con Tetralogía de Fallot con el objetivo de individualizar los cuidados para lograr la independencia de la persona. Se realizó durante la etapa pre, trans y postquirúrgica de la persona. Una vez obtenidos los datos de las valoraciones, se analizaron y jerarquizaron las necesidades y se aplicó la escala propuesta por Margot Phaneuf, se elaboraron diagnósticos de enfermería y planes de cuidados correspondientes a las principales alteraciones detectadas, para los cuales se buscó la evidencia científica que respaldara algunas de las intervenciones, con la finalidad de brindar mayor sustento a las mismas. Los resultados se enfocaron hacia la recuperación del niño mejorando su calidad de vida y la de su cuidador primario.

At the present time nursing care in their practice is based on a methodology that lets you develop effective interventions and quality which are strengthened on evidence generated through the case studies. The case study is a qualitative research method that involves Nursing Attention Process and nursing theories. This paper describes a case study using Virginia Henderson’s model: A school child with tetralogy of Fallot. The main objective is to individualize cares to achieve personal independence from the primary caretaker. The study was carried out throughout the preoperative, during surgery, and postoperative stages of the person. After obtaining the valuations data were analyzed and nested the needs and applied the scale proposed by Margot Phaneuf. Are developed nursing diagnoses and care plans corresponding to the main alterations detected, for which it research in the scientific evidence to support some interventions, with the purpose of provide greater sustenance to them. The results focus to the child’s recovery by improving their quality of life and his primary caregiver.

Cariotipo de Espeletiopsis muiska / Karyotype of Espeletiopsis muiska

Objetivo. Estudiar el ciclo celular y realizar la descripción cromosómica de Espeletiopsis muiska, utilizando células meristemáticas de ápices radicales obtenidos a través de cultivo in vitro de embriones en medio MS suplementado con AIB. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron ápices radicales a diferentes horas del día y se contaron en ellos las células presentes en cada fase mitótica, se determinó la duración del ciclo celular y la hora de mayor actividad mitótica. La descripción de los cromosomas y la elaboración del cariotipo de la especie, se realizó utilizando un protocolo que permitió la obtención de cromosomas metafásicos. Resultados. Respecto a la duración del ciclo celular, se encontró que la interfase comprende el 94.65% y la mitosis el 5.35% del total del ciclo celular. Entre las fases mitóticas la profase tiene mayor duración, 1.92%, mientras que la anafase es la más corta, 0.96%. En cuanto a la hora mitótica, las células meristemáticas de los ápices radicales presentaron mayor actividad entre las 10:30 y las 11:15. Con el estudio citogenético se encontraron 19 pares de cromosomas con longitudes e índices centroméricos similares y cariotipo asimétrico. Conclusiones. El estudio detallado de los cromosomas, permitió determinar un complemento cromosómico 2n=38+2B, dos cromosomas con microsatélites terminales y uno con constricción secundaria.

Objective. The cell cycle and chromosomic description of Espeletiopsis muiska was studied in meristematic cells of root tips obtained from in vitro culture of embryos on MS medium supplemented with IBA. Materials and methods. Root tips at different times of day were collected and the cells in each mitotic phase were counted. With this information, the cell cycle length and mitotic activity was determined at its peak hours. Description of chromosomes and elaboration of karyotype of the specie was done with a protocol that allows obtaining metaphase chromosomes. Results. Regarding the cell cycle length, we found that the interface includes the 94.65% and mitosis the 5.35% of total cell cycle. Regarding the mitotic phases, the prophase lasts longer, 1.92%, while the anaphase is the shortest, 0.96%. As to mitotic hour, meristematic cells of root tips showed an increased activity between 10:30 and 11:15. 19 pairs of chromosomes with similar lengths, similar centromeric indices and asymmetrical karyotype were found in this cytogenetic study. Conclusions. The detailed study of the chromosomes revealed a chromosome complement 2n=38+2B, two chromosomes with microsatellite terminals and one with a secondary constriction.

Morphology and biometric of the vesicular and bulbourethralglands in castrated and non-castratedSanta Inesbreed sheep

Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to determine the topography, biometry and light microscopyimage of the vesicular and bulbourethral glands in order to analyze morphologic features of the accessorysexual glands in castrated and non-castrated animals.Materials and Methods:The morphology of theaccessory sexual glands was investigated in 14 adult Santa Inesbreed sheep, weighing 32 kg, on average.Six of them were castrated, and eight, non-castrated. For macroscopic study, the description of these twoglands was carried out, as well as dissection and biometry study. Moreover, weight, length, height andwidth measurements were evaluated. For histological analysis, the vesicular and bulbourethral glands weresampled.Results:The topography of the reproductive glands was similar to bovine species. However, lowermacroscopic measurements (p < 0,05) in the glands of the castrated sheep were evidenced when comparedwith the non-castrated ones. Characteristics such as shape of the glands, composition of the layer mucosa,the lamina propria, muscular, the excretory ducts and the adventitia were determined.Conclusion:Sheepcastration promoted changes in the biometric measures of the glands, which were lower in castrated animals.The morphological and biometric characteristics of the vesicular and bulbourethral glands in sheep weredetermined.

Intervenciones de enfermería especializada en la prevención de endocarditis infecciosa en niños con cardiopatía congénita / Specialized nursing interventions in the prevention of infectious endocarditis in children with congenital cardiopathies

En este artículo se encuentra la revisión bibliográfica respecto de medidas preventivas para coadyuvar en la disminución de riesgo de endocarditis infecciosa en niños con cardiopatía congénita. Actualmente la prevalencia de las malformaciones cardiacas reportada a nivel mundial va de 2.1 a 12.3 por 1000 recién nacidos vivos; en México con base en la tasa de natalidad, se calcula que alrededor de 10 mil a 12 mil niños nacen con algún tipo de malformación cardiaca, las cuales colocan al niño en riesgo de contraer endocarditis infecciosa. Derivado de lo anterior las intervenciones de enfermería especializada - como parte del equipo interdisciplinario - deben estar dirigidas a la prevención para evitar complicaciones que pueden llegar a tener consecuencias y secuelas graves en la salud de la persona que presenta alguna alteración en la estructura cardiaca. Se realizó la búsqueda en diferentes fuentes de datos electrónicas como Pubmed, MEDLINE y Cochrane, así como en las distintas revistas de formato electrónico tanto nacionales como internacionales; las palabras clave introducidas fueron cardiopatías congénitas, endocarditis infecciosa, intervenciones de enfermería, prevención (infective endocarditis, children, congenital heart disease, nurse, y prophylaxis).

This article is a bibliographic review on some preventive measures to assist in reducing risk of infective endocarditis in children with congenital heart disease, the prevalence of cardiac anomalies is reported worldwide from 2.1 to 12.3 per 1000 live newborns; Mexico based on the birth rate, it is estimated that around 10 to 12 thousand children with some cardiac malformation, they canpredispose the child to have infective endocarditis, it is the reason why nursing interventions, must be aimed at the prevention and avoid the expected complications that may serious consequences on the health of the person submitting any alteration in the cardiac structure. Were searched in various electronic data bases such as PubMed, Med line and Cochrane. The electronic journals both national and international; key words were introduced infective endocarditis, children, congenital heart disease, nurse, and prophylaxis.

Estrutura, ultraestrutura e morfometria da aorta de paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766) criada em cativeiro / Structure, ultrastructure and morphometry of the aorta in the paca (Cuniculus paca, Linnaeus, 1766) raised in captivity

Descreveram-se a morfologia, morfometria e ultraestrutura de segmentos das porções torácica e abdominal da aorta de quatro pacas (Cuniculus paca) adultas. Os segmentos aórticos foram analisados à microscopia de luz e à microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Mensuraram-se as espessuras do complexo formado pelas túnicas íntima e média, além da túnica adventícia. Os valores referentes à espessura do complexo formado pelas túnicas íntima e média da aorta torácica cranial foram significativamente maiores (média: 702,19µm) que os valores de outros segmentos aórticos analisados (médias: 354,18µm; 243,55µm). As camadas das paredes do vaso apresentaram variações entre si quanto à estrutura e espessura, supostamente em razão de adaptação à exigência funcional.

The aim of this study was to describe the morphology, morphometry and ultrastructure of segments of thoracic and abdominal aorta portions in four male and female paca (Cuniculus paca). Parts of the segments were examined by light microscopy and part by scanning electron microscopy. Thickness measurements of the tunica intima and media complex and tunica adventitia of the aorta were taken. In all animals the thickness values for the tunica intima and media complex of the cranial thoracic aorta were significantly higher (mean: 702.19µm) when compared to the values of other aortic segments analyzed (means: 354.18µm; 243.55µm). The layers of the vessel walls show variations in structure and thickness, presumably due to an adaptation to functionaldemand.

Efecto de Debaryomyces hansenii en la respuesta antioxidante de juveniles de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei / Effect of Debaryomyces hansenii on the antioxidant response of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Objetivo. Determinar la respuesta antioxidante [actividad de superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y catalasa (CAT)] así como la cuenta total de hemocitos (CTH) y el contenido de proteínas (CP) en camarones (Litopenaeus vannamei) expuestos a diferentes dosis y cepas de la levadura Debaryomyces hansenii (DH5, DH6, LL1), y un inmunoestimulante comercial (LAM). Materiales y métodos. Las levaduras fueron cultivadas y suministradas diariamente en concentraciones diferentes (104 – 106 UFC/mL) directamente a los tanques de cultivo de los camarones (8 ± 0.2 g) mientras que LAM fue aplicado una vez a la semana (0.5 mg/L). Los organismos fueron mantenidos bajo condiciones de laboratorio (28°C, 35%, 80% de recambio diario de agua, dieta comercial para camarón ad libitum). Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos por duplicado y los resultados evaluados a los 15 días con un análisis de varianza y una prueba de Tukey. Resultados. Se registró un CTH significativo (p<0.05) en los tratamientos con DH6 y LL1 (106 UFC/mL) comparada con el control, mientras que las cepas DH5 y DH6 revelaron un incremento significativo (p<0.05) de CP con la dosis de 104 UFC/mL. Los camarones tratados con LAM incrementaron significativamente (p<0.05) los valores de SOD y CAT. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que D. hansenii incrementa la respuesta antioxidante y CTH en camarones.

Effects of protein malnutrition on muscle fibers of the brachial biceps and medial pterygoid of Wistar rats

Protein malnutrition is a public health problem, and in childhood, it can lead to muscle deficits. Here, our objective was to evaluate the effects of malnutrition upon the muscle fibers in the medial pterygoid and braquial biceps. Ten just weaned rat pups that had been born to parents fed a nourished or malnourished diet (N = 5 per group) were studied. The medial pterygoid and braquial biceps muscles were removed and crosssectioned, and histological staining with picrosirius and histochemistry reaction with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - tetrazolium reductase (NADH-tr) were performed. The samples stained with picrosirius were observed under polarized light, and from the qualitative analysis, we observed that type I collagen fibers were only present in the braquial biceps muscles of the nourished animals. The NADH-tr reaction indicated that the pterygoid muscle specimens from the malnourished pups lacked intermediate muscle fibers. The crosssectional area of the muscle was lower in the malnourished group than in the nourished group. The density of muscle fibers was higher in the malnourished group than in the nourished group. The consequences of malnutrition were visible when comparing the muscles. We concluded that the differences in daily muscle action along with the differences in embryological origin are instrumental in establishing the results.

Morfologia do útero de cutias nulíparas e não nulíparas / Morphology of the uterus of nulliparous and non nulliparous agoutis

Descreveu-se a morfologia do útero de cutias nulíparas e não nulíparas por meio de ovariossalpingoisterectomia. A análise macroscópica do útero foi realizada in loco e na peça retirada. Segmentos das porções proximal, média e distal do órgão foram colhidas, fixadas e preparadas histologicamente, sendo as amostras analisadas à microscopia de luz, e realizada a histomorfometria das camadas uterinas. Topograficamente, o útero localiza-se na região sublombar, caudalmente aos rins, em continuação aos ovários e às tubas uterinas, estendendo-se até à entrada da pelve, onde se posiciona dorsalmente à bexiga. Caracteriza-se como do tipo duplo, embora culmine em apenas um óstio cervical externo. Microscopicamente, a mucosa uterina é formada por variações do epitélio, de cilíndrico a pseudoestratificado, que se apoia em tecido conjuntivo frouxo, onde se observam glândulas endometriais revestidas por epitélio cilíndrico, além da presença de vasos sanguíneos. A camada muscular subdivide-se em interna ou submucosa, média ou vascular e externa ou subserosa. A camada serosa é composta por tecido conjuntivo e mesotélio. Na histomorfometria, verificou-se que a espessura uterina total e a espessura da camada mucosa, em média, foram maiores nas fêmeas não nulíparas.

The uterine morphology was studied through ovarysalpingohysterectomy in nulliparous and non nulliparous agoutis (Dasyprocta azare). The uterus macroscopic analysis was done "in loco" and in the removed specimens. Fragments of the proximal, media and distal portions of this viscerae were collected, fixed and histologically prepared, and the samples analyzed through light microscopy and through the histomorphometry of the uterine layers. Topographycally, the uterus of this rodent is located on the sub lumbar area, caudally to the kidneys, and following the ovaries and uterine horns, getting through the pelvic entrance, where it is located dorsally to the bladder. It is characterized as a double uterus, although there is only an external cervical os. Microscopically, the uterine mucous is formed by epithelial elevations, from cylindrical to pseudostratified epithelium, which is supported by a loose connective tissue where endometrial glands covered by cylindrical epithelium can be observed, besides blood vessels. The muscle layer is subdivided in inner or submuscous, median or vascular and outer or subserous. The serous layer is composed of a connective tissue and mesothelium. In the histomorphometry analysis, the total uterine thickness and the mucous layer thickness, in average, were bigger on non nulliparous females.

Repercusión de las alteraciones congénitas del corazón en el crecimiento y desarrollo del niño / Impact of congenital heart abnormalities in growth and development of children", "_i": "

El crecimiento físico y la adquisición de habilidades cognitivas son procesos dinámicos que inician en la etapa embrionaria y terminan después de la adolescencia. Estos dos procesos son reflejo del ámbito donde el niño interactúa, la condición de salud y las determinantes genéticas de cada individuo. Las respuestas humanas ante un problema de salud severo como es el caso de las cardiopatías congénitas, dependen del tipo de malformación manifestándose con insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva o crisis hipóxicas desde edades muy tempranas. Ambas situaciones tienen una repercusión directa en el crecimiento y el desarrollo infantil, por lo que es frecuente que al momento de realizar la valoración de enfermería se detecten estos problemas, teniendo como resultado un diagnóstico enfermero de retraso en el crecimiento y desarrollo, por lo que el profesional de enfermería debe desarrollar las intervenciones correspondientes para minimizar este problema en el niño.

Physical growth and the acquisition of cognitive skills are dynamic processes that begin in the embryonic stage and end after adolescence. These two processes reflect the child’s interaction areas, health status and genetic determinants of each individual. Human responses to health problems such as severe congenital heart disease are manifested by global heart failure or hypoxic spell at early ages. Both factors have a direct impact on the child’s outcome, and it is important at the time of the nursing assessment to detect these problems, which lead to a nursing diagnosis of delayed growth and development.

Desenvolvimento pós-natal e potencial teratogênico da prole de ratos Wistar no estudo da toxicidade reprodutiva de duas preparações fitoterápicas contendo soja Glycine max (L) Merr / Neonatal development and teratogenic potential of Wistar rats offspring in the study of reproductive toxicity of two commercial phytotherapic preparations with soy Glycine max (L) Merr

Avaliou-se o efeito de duas preparações fitoterápicas comerciais que continham soja sobre o desenvolvimento geral e sexual da progênie de ratos Wistar e sobre o potencial teratogênico das preparações fitoterápicas durante um estudo de toxicidade reprodutiva. Para tanto, observaram-se, diariamente, as características de desenvolvimento dos filhotes e analisou-se o comportamento em campo aberto, e, para avaliar o potencial teratogênico, realizou-se diafanização dos fetos removidos por cesariana. Inferiu-se que o tratamento dos pais não comprometeu o desenvolvimento de sua progênie e também não determinou efeitos teratogênicos aos fetos de ratos Wistar.

The effect of two commercial phytotherapic preparations containing soy was evaluated on the general and sexual development of Wistar rats offspring and on the teratogenic potential during a reproductive toxicity study. For this, the offspring development characteristics were daily observed, and the behavior in open field was studied. To assess the teratogenic potential, diaphanization of the fetuses removed by caesarean section was done. It was concluded that the treatment of the parents did not compromise the development of their progeny and also did not determine the teratogenic effects in the fetuses.

Morfologia e histologia do oviduto de marrecas Ana boschas / Morphology and histology of Ana Boschasfemale ducks oviduct

Avaliaram-se o comprimento do infundíbulo, do magno, do istmo, do útero e da vagina e o número de pregas do magno e do istmo do oviduto de 20 marrecas Ana boschas na fase reprodutiva. O infundíbulo apresenta mucosa com pregas longitudinais e baixas, revestidas por epitélio pseudoestratificado cilíndrico ciliado, com células caliciformes. O magno, compartimento mais longo do oviduto, 25,38cm±3,20, encontra-se constituído por uma camada mucosa com pregas altas e espessas revestidas por células cilíndricas ciliadas e abundantes células caliciformes. O istmo é formado por uma mucosa com pregas estreitas e curtas e numerosas glândulas tubulares que se estendem para o interior da lâmina própria. O útero, região curta do oviduto, 5,25cm±1,26, apresenta parede com pregas e cristas baixas e numerosas glândulas tubulares enoveladas, dirigidas para o interior da lâmina própria. A vagina, um estreito tubo muscular, está constituído por oito anéis circulares, em média, e uma camada muscular altamente desenvolvida e espessa. A morfologia do oviduto da marreca apresenta características morfológicas e histológicas distintas dos galiniformes, observando-se que a vagina e a porção cranial do infundíbulo apresentam pregas e células caliciformes, respectivamente, sendo estas últimas estruturas ausentes nos galiniformes.

The length of infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, vagina, and the number of oviduct, magnum, and isthmus folds were evaluated in 20 Ana boschas female ducks in the reproductive phase. The infundibulum presented mucous membrane with longitudinal and short folds, covered by ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium, with goblet cells. Magnum, the longest oviduct compartment, 25.38cm±3.20, is constituted by mucous membrane with high and thick folds that are covered by ciliated columnar cells and many goblet cells. Isthmus is formed by mucous membrane with narrow and short folds, and many tubular glands that extend inside lamina propria. Uterus, an oviduct short region, 5.25cm±1.26, presented surface with short folds and crests, and numerous reeled tubular glands, that are directed inside lamina propria. Vagina, a strait muscular tube, is constituted by, approximately, eight circular rings, and a very developed and thick muscular layer. The oviduct morphology of female ducks presented different morphological and histological characteristics from Galliformes, because vagina and infundibulum cranial portion present folds and goblet cells, respectively, and the last cited structures are absent in Galliformes.

Dimorfismo sexual da traquéia e siringe de periquito (Touist sp. ) / Sexual dimorphism of the parakeet (Touist sp. ) trachea and syrinx

Investigaram-se as diferenças morfológicas da siringe do periquito Touist sp, cinco machos e cinco fêmeas. A traquéia e a siringe foram dissecadas com o auxílio de uma lupa estereoscópia e avaliaram-se o número de anéis, o comprimento da traquéia e da siringe e o comprimento e espessura do músculo traqueolateral. A traquéia do macho apresentou maior número de anéis e maior comprimento que a das fêmeas. O músculo traqueolateral dos machos é mais vigoroso e origina-se no 43º anel traqueal enquanto o das fêmeas origina-se no 30º anel traqueal e se insere no primeiro anel bronquial. A siringe do piriquito é constituída por anéis craniais, cinco nos machos e três nas fêmeas, anéis intermediários, com formato semelhante a uma bolha sulcada ventralmente, anéis caudais, quatro em ambos os sexos, e pessulo. O dimorfismo sexual está presente na morfometria da musculatura e das cartilagens, o que reflete no canto mais vigoroso dos machos

The morphologic differences of the trachea and syrinx of five male and five female Touist sp. parakeets were studied. Trachea and syrinx were dissected with the aid of a stereoscopic magnifying glass and the number of rings, the length of trachea and syrinx were evaluated, as well as the length and thickness of the tracheolateral muscle. Trachea of male parakeets had larger amount of rings and was lengther than the female. Tracheolateral muscle of the males was more vigorous and arised in the 43rd tracheal ring while in the females it originated in the 30th tracheal and inserted in first bronchi ring. The syrinx was constituted by cranial rings (five in males and three in females), intermediate rings (resembly a bubble furrowed ventrally), caudal rings (four in both sexes) and the pessule. Sexual dimorphism directly influenced on the syrinx, concerning the morfometry of the musculature and cartilages, making males sound more vigorously

Expression of gp120 as surrogate marker in HIV infection / Expresión de gp120 como marcador de progresión en la infección por VIH

Ninety seven patients infected with HIV -1 were studied to evaluate the expression of gp120 in peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes as a surrogate marker of disease progression, analyzing correlation of it with viral load, T cell subsets, expression of activation markers, HAAR T and clinical signs and symptoms. In patients who had not received any antiretroviral therapy (naive), expression of gp120 had a positive correlation with expression of CD95 in CD4+ T lymphocytes (p=0.0409) and a negative correlation with CD4+ T lymphocytes percentage (p=0.0183) and absolute values (p=0.0165), and with percentage of naüve CD4+ T cells (p=0.0126). In patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAAR T) those correlations were not present. Expression of gp 120 had good correlations with some known surrogate markers of disease progression in naüve patients, but its low level of expression and the fact that those correlations disappear when HAAR T is initiated, limit the use of it as an independent surrogate marker.

Se estudiaron 97 pacientes infectados con VIH-1 para determinar gp120 en células TCD4+ de sangre periférica como un marcador de progresión de enfermedad y su correlación con carga viral, subpoblaciones de células T, marcadores de activación, terapia antiretroviral, síntomas y signos clínicos. En los pacientes quienes no habían recibido terapia antiretroviral (vírgenes), la expresión de gp120 tenía una correlación positiva con la expresión de CD95 en los linfocitos TCD4+: (p=0,0409) y una correlación negativa con el porcentaje de linfocitos TCD4+ (p=0,0183) con los valores absolutos (p=0.0165) y con el porcentaje de células TCD4+ vírgenes (p=0.0126). En los pacientes con alta terapia antiretroviral estas correlaciones no estaban presentes. La expresión de gp120 tuvo buena correlación con algunos marcadores de progresión de enfermedad en pacientes vírgenes, pero su bajo nivel de expresión y el hecho de que esta correlación desaparece cuando la terapia antiretroviral es iniciada, limita su uso como marcador independiente de progresión.

Modified Spot CAMP Test: A rapid, inexpensive and accurate method for identification of group B streptococci / Prueba de CAMP por spot modificada: Un método rápido, preciso y económico para la identificación de estreptococos grupo B

A rapid modified spot CAMP test using 183 clinical isolates of β haemolytic streptococci was compared with the standard CAMP test described by Christie et al. The scheme of biochemical identification and serological confirmation was taken as reference method. The sensitivity of both tests was 100%, and the specificity of the rapid and standard tests was 96.8% and 88.9% respectively. The modified spot CAMP test is a rapid, inexpensive and accurate method for the identification of group B streptococci, and is more specific than the standard CAMP test.

En este estudio se comparó los resultados de una prueba de CAMP por spot modificada en 20 minutos y la prueba de CAMP original descripta por Christie et al usada para la identificación de Streptococcus agalactiae. Se analizaron 183 aislamientos de estreptococos β hemolíticos, tomando como método de referencia el esquema tradicional de identificación bioquímica y confirmación serológica. La sensibilidad de ambas pruebas fue del 100% y la especificidad de la prueba rápida y la estándar fue de 96,8% y 88,9% respectivamente. La prueba de CAMP por spot modificada es un método rápido, económico y seguro para la identificación de estreptococos del grupo B y posee mayor especificidad que la prueba original.

Terapia fotodinâmica aplicada ao tratamento do carcinoma epidermóide em uma gata

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