Chemical analysis of smoke of Indian cigarettes, bidis and other indigenous forms of smoking--levels of steam-volatile phenol, hydrogen cyanide and benzo(a)pyrene.

Levels of steam-volatile phenol, hydrogen cyanide and benzo(a)pyrene in various types of tobacco smoking products marketed in the country have been determined for the first time. Steam-volatile phenol levels in six popular brands of Indian cigarettes varied from 118 to 226 micrograms, and in six popular brands of bidis, from 129 to 273 micrograms. Cheroot and cigarillos yielded 400 micrograms and 333 micrograms steam-volatile phenol respectively. The hydrogen cyanide levels in the mainstream smoke of five popular brands of Indian cigarettes varied from 366 to 638 micrograms and in the mainstream smoke of four popular brands of bidis from 688 to 904 micrograms. Cheroot and cigarillos yielded 588 micrograms and 1119 micrograms hydrogen cyanide respectively. The values of benzo(a)pyrene content in Indian cigarettes varied from 85 to 114 ng and in bidis from 108 to 144 ng. Herbal bidi and cheroot had 1315 ng and 2519 ng benzo(a)pyrene respectively. Cigarettes were smoked as per international standard smoking conditions and the levels of noxious agent were found to be higher than in currently marketed western cigarettes. However, these levels in all the indigenous products including bidis cannot be directly compared with those of cigarettes as they were smoked under modified conditions.

Total particulate matter and nicotine in Indian bidis and cigarettes: a comparative study of standard machine estimates and exposure levels in smokers in Bombay.

Standard emission levels of total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine in bidi and cigarette smoke were compared with exposure levels based on smoking behaviour of smokers in Bombay. Bombay cigarette smokers are getting much higher amount of carcinogenic dry TPM (28 to 79%) and nicotine (31 to 104%), compared to standard machine estimates. In the case of regular bidi (60 mm) harmful ingredients like dry TPM decreased from 11 to 15 percent and nicotine increased from 11 to 22 percent, whereas long bidi (80 mm) delivered higher amount of dry TPM (14 to 22%) and nicotine (33 to 37%) in smokers in Bombay compared to standard machine estimates.