ABSTRACT
The intracranial dural venous sinuses can be injured leading to thrombosis with in the dural sinuses causing headache, abnormal vision, weakness of the face and limbs on one side of the body, and seizures.Magne?c Resonance Venography (MRV) is one of the preferred methods of evalua?on of the cerebral venous sinus anatomy, varia?ons and pathology, par?cularly in the diagnosisof venous sinus thrombosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of MRV to depict the normal intracranial venous anatomy and its variants in North Indian popula?on which can help to avoid poten?al pi?alls in the diagnosis of dural venous sinus thrombosis, venous infarcts and venous hemorrhage. Aim:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of MRV to depict the normal intracranial venous anatomy and its variants in North Indian popula?on, which can help to avoid poten?al pi?alls in the diagnosis of dural venous sinus thrombosis, venous infarcts and venous hemorrhage. Materials:The present study was undertaken in the Departments of Anatomy and Radiodiagnosis at a North Indian ter?ary care teaching hospital over a period of two years. Magne?c Resonance Venograms (MRV) of pa?ents a?ending the radiology department were used to study the normal anatomy and varia?ons in the dural venous sinuses. 50 MRV scans of which 26 were of females and 24 of male, were included in the study. Anatomical varia?ons and varia?ons in drainage of the dural venous sinuses were assessed and sta?s?cal analysis was done. Results:For both superior sagi?al sinus drainage and straight sinus drainage, the propor?on of veins draining in right and le? transverse sinuses and confluence of sinuses was significantly different in the two age groups (p<0.001) in both males and females. Par?al spli?ng of superior sagi?al sinus in anterior one third or posterior one third was also seen. Sta?s?cally significant findings were observed regarding the laterality for vein of Labbe & vein of Trolard. Conclusion:MR venography is an excellent diagnos?c technique to visualise anatomy and anatomic varia?ons of venous sinuses as observed in our study. The par?al spli?ng of superior sagi?al sinus in either anterior one third or posterior one third as seen in our study, can cause misdiagnosis of thrombosis. Hence, knowledge of normal anatomy and anatomic varia?ons in the intracranial venous sinuses is very important to diagnose cerebral venous sinus thrombosis accurately.
ABSTRACT
Infertility is an emerging major health issue affecting the physical, psychological and social status of the general population across the globe. There are innumerable causes of infertility, viz., ovarian and testicular disorders, advanced maternal age, obesity, chromosomal abnormalities etc. Most of these causes are linked to the genetic disorders. With recent advances in the field of reproductive biology, it has become imperative to have a concise knowledge of the genetic basis of infertility, for better outcome in Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART).
ABSTRACT
Background: The extensor musculature of the forearm and hand shows diverse variations. These can lead to various clinical conditions. Case Report: During routine cadaveric dissection, variations were observed in the muscles of extensor compartment of the forearm. Their anatomical relations were documented and the embryological basis and clinical importance was stressed upon. During routine cadaveric dissection in a formalin fixed 58 year old male cadaver, variations in the posterior compartment of the left forearmwere noted,measured and appropriately photographed. Observations: In the posterior compartment of the left forearm an accessorymusclewas found originating from the posterior surface of ulna, just distal to the origin of extensor indicis. It traversed along with the tendons of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis in a common compartment underneath the extensor retinaculum and inserted onto the dorsal surface of the base of the proximal phalanx lateral to the tendon of extensor digitorum for the middle finger. Also, the extensor digitorum muscle divided only into three tendons instead of four- one each for the index,middle and ring finger. The three tendons inserted normally via the dorsal digital expansion but, the tendon for the ring finger gave an additional slip on the ulnar aspect, which inserted separately onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger. Conclusion: Muscles in the extensor compartment of forearm may show diverse variations which have clinical relevance. Accessorymusclesmay be confused with soft tissue conditions like a ganglion. Supernumary tendons can be utilised for tendon transfers andmuscle grafts. These variationsmust be brought to the knowledge of the surgeons performing hand surgeries.