ABSTRACT
Organic response to infection is characterized by a systemic reaction known as acute phase response (APR). In order to know the effect of the administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on physiological, hematological and biochemical variables, 10 sheep weighing 45 ± 5 kg were divided in two groups: Experimental group treated with 3 doses of 1 µg.kg-1 LPS and control group treated with saline solution (SS) at the same frequency as experimental group. Body temperature (BT°), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were monitored. Blood samples for hemogram and enzyme activity for aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were collected between 1 and 24 h post-LPS. LPS-treated sheep presented mean values of BT (41.2 ± 0.4°C), HR (132 ± 12.3 beats/min) and RR (107.2 ± 25 cycles/min) higher than those observed in control sheep (39.8 ± 0.2°C, 88.8 ± 8.7 beats/min and 53.6 ± 17.1 cycles/min respectively). Between 4 and 8 hours post-injection (hpi) of LPS the leukocyte count was associated with lymphopenia, followed by leukocytosis at 24 hours. No changes were observed in the activity of AST and GGT enzymes. The results characterize APR induced by LPS in sheep, representing a useful model to study cardiovascular, hematological and biochemical responses to infection. (AU)
A resposta orgânica à infecção é caracterizada por uma reação sistêmica conhecida como resposta de fase aguda (RFA). Para conhecer o efeito da administração de lipopolissacárideo (LPS) de Escherichia coli sobre as variáveis fisiológicas, hematológicas e bioquímicas, 10 carneiros pesando 45 ± 5 kg foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo experimental tratado com três doses de 1 µg.kg -1 de LPS e grupo controle tratado com solução salina (SS) na mesma frequência que o grupo experimental. Temperatura corporal (T°C), frequência cardíaca (FC) e frequência respiratória (FR) foram monitoradas. As amostras de sangue foram tomadas para hemograma e atividade da enzima aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e gama- -glutamiltransferase (GGT) entre uma e 24 h pós-LPS. Ovelhas tratadas com LPS apresentaram valores médios de T°C (41,2 ± 0,4°C), FC (132 ± 12,3 batimentos/min) e FR (107,2 ± 25 ciclos/min) acima dos observados em ovelhas do tratamento controle (39,8 ± 0,2°C, 88,8 ± 8,7 batimentos/min e 53,6 ± 17,1 ciclos/min, respectivamente). Entre 4 e 8 horas após a injeção de LPS, a contagem de leucocitos foi asociado com linfopenia, seguida de leucocitose as 24 horas. Nenhuma mudança na atividade das enzimas AST e GGT foi observada. Os resultados caracterizam uma resposta de fase aguda induzida por LPS em ovelhas, o que representa um modelo útil para estudar os sistemas cardiovascular, hematológico e bioquímico em resposta à infecção.(AU)
La respuesta orgánica a la infección se caracteriza por una reacción sistémica conocida como respuesta de fase aguda (RFA). Para conocer el efecto de la administración de lipopolisacárido (LPS) de Escherichia coli sobre las variables fisiológicas, hematológicas y bioquímicas, 10 ovejas con un peso de 45 ± 5 kg se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo experimental tratado con 3 dosis de 1 µg.kg-1de LPS y grupo control tratado con solución salina (SS) en la misma frecuencia que el grupo experimental. Temperatura corporal (T°C), frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y frecuencia respiratoria (FR) fueron monitoreadas. Se tomaron muestras de sangre para hemograma y actividad enzimática para el aspartato amino transferasa (AST) y gamma glutamil transferasa (GGT) entre 1 y 24 h post-LPS. Las ovejas tratadas con LPS presentaron valores medios de T°C (41.2 ± 0.4°C), FC (132 ± 12.3 latidos / min) y FR (107.2 ± 25 ciclos/min) por encima de los observados en ovinos controles (39.8 ± 0.2°C, 88.8 ± 8.7 latidos/min y 53.6 ± 17.1 ciclos/min respectivamente). Entre las 4 y 8 horas después de la inyección de LPS, el recuento de leucocitos se asoció a linfopenia, seguida de leucocitosis a las 24 horas. No se observaron cambios en la actividad de las enzimas AST y GGT. Los resultados caracterizan una respuesta de fase aguda inducida por LPS en ovinos, representando un modelo útil para estudiar los sistemas cardiovascular, hematológico y bioquímico en respuesta a la infección.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep/microbiology , Sheep/blood , Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/administration & dosage , Endotoxins , Escherichia coli/pathogenicity , Hematologic Tests/veterinaryABSTRACT
Objectives: To determine a culturally appropriate product name and package design that would communicate important usage instructions for a lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) for a target population with diverse languages and low literacy. Methods: Formative work was conducted in two locations in Katanga region, DRC: Mabaya, a rural village and Kipushi, a peri-urban area. In each site, focus group discussions with parents of children aged 0-24 months (3 with mothers, and 1 with fathers) were conducted. Additionally, two key informant interviews with mothers and health workers were conducted in each location. Two sets of 7 images, one for each LNS sachet in the strip, were tested to assess perceptions of use. Different color options and product names were tested to identify culturally appropriate packaging. Results: The majority of participants read the different images on the multi sachet strip as a story line. Participants retained the main messages that the strip should convey: Optimal child feeding and care, product use, target group and potential product benefits. All participants recognized the mother and children in the images as "Congolese". Green and brown were identified as suitable colors for the packaging and were associated with qualities such as growth, and healthy development. The names Kulazuri (eating well) and Afiabora (good health) were preferred. A combination of the first two name proposals "Kulabora" (eating better) was decided upon. Conclusions: The results from this formative assessment were used to finalize the design of the LNS product, which is currently being distributed in Kasenga health zone.
ABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de validar un método analítico sensible y confiable para la detección de residuos de ivermectina (IVM) en muestras de hígados, riñón, músculo y grasa, junto con determinar las concentraciones del fármaco en tejidos de ovinos tratados por vía subcutánea. Muestras de tejidos libres de fármaco fueron sobrecargadas con concentraciones de IVM entre 1 y 50 ng/g (hígado, riñón y músculo); 5 a 200 ng/g (grasa), luego fueron sometidas a extracción en fase sólida y analizados por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC). Para el estudio de residuos se utilizaron 12 ovinos Suffolk Down de 27,8 ± 1,3 kg de peso, los que fueron tratados con 0,2 mg/kg de IVM vía subcutánea, luego se sacrificaron grupos de 3 animales a los 1,5; 7; 14 y 21 días post tratamiento. La ausencia de interferencias y una adecuada simetría de los cromatogramas indica una buena especificidad del método analítico empleado para la detección de IVM en los tejidos analizados. Los porcentajes de recuperación fluctuaron entre 70 a 93,2 por ciento. El límite de cuantificación se estableció en hígado: 0,48 ng/g; riñón: 1,02 ng/g; músculo:0,18ng/g y grasa: 2,65ng/g. La validación de la metodología analítica demostró adecuados valores de sensibilidad, presición y axactitud que permiten obtener resultados confiables para la detección y cuantificación de residuos de IVM en tejidos de ovinos. En los ovinos tratados con IVM, las mayores concentraciones de residuos fueron observadas a los 1,5 días post tratamiento en hígado (281,7 ± 116,95 ng/g) y grasa (248,67 ± 90,85 ng/g), los que persistieron hasta el día 21 con concentraciones de 0,63 ± 0,2 ng/g y 4,07 ± 2,25 ng/g, respectivamente. Las menores concentraciones de residuos de IVM fueron observadas en las muestras de músculo.
A study was undertaken in order to validate a precise and reliable analytical method for the detection of ivermectins (IVM) tissue residues in sheep, and to know the patterns of the drug concentrations depletion in edible tissues such as liver, kidney, muscle and fat, from treated animals by subcutaneous route. Drug free tissue samples were fortified with increasing concentrations of IVM (1 to 50 ng IVM/g for liver, kidney and muscle; and 5 to 200 ng IVM/g for adipose tissue) and then were subjected to solid phase extraction and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Twelve sheep weighing 27.8 ± 1.3 kg, were treated with 0.2 mg/kg of IVM by subcutaneous route, and then were slaughtered in groups of three animals at 1.5, 7.0, 14.0, and 21.0 days post treatment. The specificity of the method was demonstrated by the absence of interferences and the adequate symmetry of chromatograms. The percentage of recovery ranged from 70 to 93.2% for all tissues analyzed and different drug concentrations. The limit of quantification of the method was established in 0.48 ng/g for liver; 1.02 ng/g for kidney; 0.18 ng/g for muscle and 2.65 ng/g for adipose tissue. The validated analytical methodology showed satisfactory results of sensitivity, precision and accuracy that allow it use for the detection and quantification of tissue residues of IVM in sheep. From the tissues samples of sheep treated with IVM, the higher concentrations were found in liver (281.7 ± 116.95 ng/g) and adipose tissue (248.67 ± 90.85 ng/g) at 1.5 days, and the drug concentrations in both tissues were maintained for a period of 21 days post treatment with 0.63 ± 0.2 ng/g and 4.07 ± 2.25 ng/g respectively. The lowest concentrations of IVM in tissues were observed in muscle samples.