ABSTRACT
Invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Candida species are among the most common causes of nosocomial bloodstream infections and of invasive infections in intensive care units (ICUs). The high mortality mandates early identification of invasive candidiasis which is vital to initiate appropriate and timely treatment and improve outcomes. Delaying the initiation of treatment could result in an increase in mortality which can be avoided by usage of more rapid diagnostic techniques. There are multiple diagnostic tests including culture and non-culture tests like 1,3-β-D-glucan and newer techniques like MALDI-TOF which are available to diagnose candidemia but each with their drawbacks. Additionally, there are various guidelines like IDSA and ESCMID on treatment which aim to minimize death, late complications from deep-seated candidiasis and rise of drug- resistant Candida strains. Through this consensus statement prepared by a panel of experts, all of whom are senior intensivists, infectious disease specialists and microbiologists, we aim to address the major aspects of management of invasive candidiasis in the Indian population as per the authors opinions, backed by published evidence and supported by the latest clinical guidelines.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to find out the prevalence of chronic pain in economically active population and associated economic loss. This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in 3 VDCs of Sunsari District involving 1730 individuals of 15-64 years age group selected by multistage random sampling. Demographic data, absence or presence of pain, site, severity, duration and relieving measures, approximate expenditure in treating pain and number of days lost due to pain were noted using a preformed questionnaire. Out of 1730 individuals interviewed, 882 (50.1%) had pain of which 93.7% had chronic pain (pain lasting for > 3 months). Backache (25.8%), headache (20.1%) and abdominal pain due to acid peptic disease (12.5%) were the most prevalent painful conditions. About 14.0% of individuals had severe grade pain. Female sex, age e"30 years, lack of formal schooling, smoking habit and dependent status were associated with higher prevalence of pain. Almost 19.0% of individuals with pain were unable to go to work the previous day. Man-days loss due to pain was 1.37 days/month/person in the study population. In terms of cost, pain related losses were Nepalese Rupees (NRs) 1671.89/person/year as against the per capita GDP of NRs 98,640.00 (US$ 1370.0). The money incurred by individuals for therapy on pain was NRs 760.15/person/year. In conclusion, probably first time, we are reporting the prevalence of chronic pain in our communities with people having to spend significant portion of their scarce income (and country's GDP) to treat pain, thus, highlighting it as a public health problem.