Comparative Evaluation Of Efficacy Of Emla Cream And A Placebo (MOISTURIZING Cream) In Producing Dermal Analgesia For Venous Cannulation

BACKGROUND:Venous cannulationis the most commonly performed invasive procedure in hospital patients. It is painful and associated with a high incidence of vasovagalreactions and haemodynamic stressresponsein patients. OBJECTIVES:This study aims at evaluating the efficacy of EMLAcream in producing dermal analgesia for venous annulations & effect of it on hemodynamic stress response.MATERIALS AND METHODS:100 patientsof age group 12 to 18 ofASA grade I /II were selected. Patients were randomly divided into two groups(N=50). In Group A EMLAcream and in Group BMoisturizing creamwasapplied 60 minutes before venouscannulations. Pain was assessed with the help of 4-point scale. Pain and hemodynamicstress response(blood pressure and heart rate)was noted before and after venous cannulations. Local and systemic side effects were also noted.RESULTS :Group Apatients(EMLAcream )had lower pain scores and decreased hemodynamicstress response to venous Cannulationswhen compared to group B(placebo-moisturing cream).Local side effects -redness wasnoted in only 1 patient in group A. (EMLA cream)

Determination of sex from the anterior border of the human hip bone.

Background: The distinctive biometry of the anterior border of the human skeleton and its clear sexual dimorphism make it of interests from anatomical, forensic, obstetrical, radiological, archaeological and anthropological point of view for examination of skeleton remains. Aims & Objective: To determine the sex of human being from the anterior border of the hip bone. Material and Methods: For the present study total 306 normal dry human hip bones, out of which 202 are of male and 104 are of female, 141 are of Right side, 165 of Left side were studied. Osteometric board with graph paper and Sliding Vernier Calliper are used for all measurement. Results: Statistically highly significant(P ≤ 0.001) differences were detected between means in relation to sex for 6 variables ( The maximal width of the anterior border notch, The distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle , The distance from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the iliopubic eminence , The distance from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle , The length of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence, The depth of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence), Statistically very significant differences(p≤0.005) were detected between means in relation to sex for 2 variables( Index of widening of the anterior interspinous notch, The depth of the anterior interspinous notch), Statistically significant differences(P≤.01) were detected between means in relation to sex for 1 variable (Index of widening of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence). These variables could be used for sex determination from the human hip bone or its fragments. Conclusion: Therefore we consider that these 6 variables are the best of the variables studied for sexing human hip bone (P < 0.001).

The study of total facial index in living subjects in Gujarat region.

Background and objectives: The total facial index exhibits sexual differences and different shapes of face. This information will be highly important for Plastic surgeons, Forensic Scientists, Anatomists, Human Biologists, Criminologists & Physical Anthropologists.Method: The present study was performed on 510 living subjects of Gujarat (243 male and 267 female) of 18 to 30 years in the year of 2011 with the objective to study the sex differences in total facial index. Total facial index was investigated with the help of face height and width with the use of sliding caliper.Result: The study showed that mean face height and width were higher in males than in females, and mean total facial index was also higher in males than in females. Interpretation and conclusion: Predominant face type in males was mesoproscopic while in females was euriproscopic and there was statistically highly significant gender difference.

The study of cephalic index in living subjects in Gujarat Region.

Background and objectives: The cephalic index exhibits sexual differences and different shapes of head. This information will be highly important for Plastic surgeons, Forensic Scientists, Anatomists, Human Biologists, Criminologists & Physical Anthropologists.Method: The present study was performed on 510 living subjects of Gujarat (243 male and 267 female) of 18 to 30 years in the year of 2011 with the objective to study the sex differences in cephalic index. Cephalic index was investigated with the help of head length and width with the use of spreading caliper.Result: The study showed that mean head length and width were higher in males than in females , while mean cephalic index was higher in females than in males. Interpretation and Conclusion: Predominant head type was mesocephalic in both sexes and there was no significant gender difference (p value > o.o1).

Morphometric study of mental foramina in dentate and edentulous human mandible in Gujarat Region.

Background & Objectives: will be useful for anatomists, anthropologists, aneasthetist, orthopedics and experts in the field of forensic medicine. The aim of the study was to examine the different morphometric variations of the human mandibles and comparing between dentate and edentulous mandibles is done. Methods: This study included only bone who exhibited no obvious bone pathology. All measurements were done bilaterally, performed with a stainless steel metric digital calliper with 0.01 mm precision. The relative position of the Mental foramena (MF)as analyzed with measurements made from nferior wall of mandible to the mandibular base, from anterior wall of mandible to the mandibular skeletal midline, from his posterior wall to the posterior mandibular rim. To determine this relation, the standard horizontal plane defined by Morrant was used. Briefly, the mandible was placed on a horizontal surface, to which the lower border of the mandible comes into greatest contact when vertical pressure is applied to the second molar teeth. Results: The most common location for the MF is a position aligned between second premolar and first molar (Rt. side 30% & Lt. Side 31%). Comparison of measurements of dentate and edentulous mandible is significnat on both sides. Conclusion: The knowledge of the distances from surgically encountered anatomical landmarks in the present study provide valuable information to dental surgeons that will facilitate effective localization of the neurovascular bundle passing through mental foramen thus avoiding complications from local anesthetic, surgical and other invasive procedures.

Correlation and regression analysis of stature in relation to head length in children.

Background & objective: Present study was carried out to find correlation and to derive a regression formula between head length and body height in Gujarat region. This is useful in anthropology, anatomy and forensic medicine. The material consists of 500 students from Gujarat. Methods: The age of subject was in the range of 8 to 18 years.The length of head was measured between two craniometric points, glabella and opisthocranion. Spreading caliper was used to measure head length. Height of the subject was measured with standard Height measuring instrument subject in anatomical position. Measurements were taken at fixed time to avoid diurnal variation. Results: The result obtained was analyzed and attempt was made to derive a formula between head length and total height of an individual. The result shows that there is a Moderate correlation between head length and height of an individual. Interpretation & conclusion: In present study the correlation co-efficient between height and head length is +0.30 Which is moderately significant and p value <0.05 and regression formula obtained is Y= 12.33 +7.75X.