ABSTRACT
Background: Atherosclerosis leading to ischemic heart disease remains the major cause of death and premature disability in developed countries and its prevalence is rising constantly in developing countries. Dyslipidaemia due to insulin resistance, the major cause of coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an emerging pandemic with the number of patients increasing rapidly in both developed and developing countries around the world. Materials & Methods: In this study lipid abnormalities associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied and association between HbA1C level and extent of dyslipidaemia detected. In this cross- sectional study 60 known cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus will be selected. They will be investigated for HbA1C and lipid profile. Results: In the present study, dyslipidaemia was found to be present in 88% patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of these, 22% had single abnormal lipid parameter while 66% had combined dyslipidaemia. There was significant correlation between HbA1C & total cholesterol, HbA1C & LDL cholesterol, HbA1C & triglycerides, HbA1C & Tc/HDL ratio and HbA1C & non HDL cholesterol. Conclusion: Prevalence of dyslipidaemia was alarmingly high in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Thus, HbA1C can be considered as a marker of dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
ABSTRACT
A autora faz a introduçäo do trabalho uma abordagem sobre o tabagismo como importante fator associado a doenças respiratórias, cardiovasculares e a alguns cânceres. Lembra também sobre as implicaçöes do tabagismo na gravidez e descreve alguns estudos sobre fumante passivo e refere algumas informaçöes epidemiológicas. Propöe-se a: 1- Estudar a prevalência de tabagismo entre estudantes da Universidade de Säo Paulo, campus de Ribeiräo Preto, em 1988. 2- Analisar a tendência desta prevalência no perído de 1980-1988. 3. Analisar a relaçäo entre escolhas das marcas e o custo das mesmas. Foi feito um levantamento em 1988, com questionário padronizado e com a mesma metodologia utilizada em 1980, 1981 e 1986. As principais conclusöes foram: 1- A prevalência do tabagismo nas diferentes unidades da USP, em dezembro de 1988 foi: FMRP, 11,9% EERP, 21,2%, FFRP, 8,7; FORP, 8,9%; e prevalência de extabagista foi respectimente: 6,8%; 9,3%; 7,5% e 6,5%. 2- As mulheres fumam tanto quanto os homens em 1988 entre os alunos inqueridos. 3- Até 1986, há tendência geral de declínio em todas as escolas; em 1988, esta tendência näo tem significado estatístico. 4- A tendência segundo o gênero alterou-se no período estudado, em 1980 e 1981 os homens fumam mais que as mulheres e em 1986 e 1988, homens e mulheres fumam igualmente. Foram levantadas e discutidas várias hipóteses no sentido de tentar explicar esta tendência geral de declínio e as mudanças ocorridas neste período quanto a prevalência nos dois gêneros
Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Erythema Nodosum/complications , Glomerulonephritis/etiology , Leprosy, Lepromatous/complications , Acute Disease , Glomerulonephritis/pathologyABSTRACT
A study of 64 cases of leprosy (44 lepromatous and 20 nonlepromatous) revealed that the duration of the disease has a significant relationship with renal involvement (chi 2 = 16.9, P less than 0.001). Proteineuria, microscopic haematuria, granular and hyaline casts are mainly seen in lepromatous cases and specially with lepra reaction (100%) while few of the non-lepromatous (2%) cases may show these abnormalities. Impaired renal functions are mostly observed in lepromatous leprosy (62.9%) specially those with lepra reaction (100%) while 2% nonlepromatous cases have these impaired renal functions. Histo-pathological studies revealed non-specific changes in 44.4% of cases and those of chronic pyelonephritis in 15.5% of the cases. Renal amyloidosis is less common occurrence (4.4%). The specific lesion, that is 'leproma kidney', is rare and seen in one patient only. Acid fast bacilli could not be seen in any of the kidney tissue. It is therefore, concluded that the renal involvement in the form of inflammatory lesions and non-specific changes in the glomeruli and tubules are very common in lepromatous leprosy specially during the reactive phase.