ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Frailty is a condition that can increase the risk of falls. In addition, foot disorders can negatively influence elderly people, thus affecting their condition of frailty. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether foot pain can influence a greater degree of frailty. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. METHODS: A sample older than 60 years (n = 52), including 26 healthy subjects and 26 foot pain patients, was recruited. Frailty disability was measured using the 5-Frailty scale and the Edmonton Frailty scale (EFS). RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the total EFS score and in most of its subscales, according to the Mann-Whitney U test (P < 0.05). In addition, foot pain patients presented worse scores (higher 5-Frailty scores) than did healthy patients, regarding matched-paired subjects (lower EFS scores). With regard to the rest of the measurements, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). The highest scores (P < 0.001) were for fatigue on the 5-Frailty scale and the EFS, and for the subscale of independence function in EFS. CONCLUSIONS: These elderly patients presented impairment relating to ambulation and total 5-Frailty score, which seemed to be linked to the presence of frailty syndrome and foot disorders.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Frailty/complications , Frailty/epidemiology , Pain/etiology , Pain/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Frail ElderlyABSTRACT
RESUMEN La obesidad es una enfermedad multifactorial definida como acumulación patológica de grasa. Su prevalencia ha aumentado enormemente en el mundo. Chile presenta una de las mayores prevalencias de obesidad de la OCDE. Su casuística simplificada comprende una diferencia sostenida entre gasto e ingesta de energía, manteniendo un delta positivo traducido en mayor acumulación de grasa. No obstante, la etiología completa de esta enfermedad comprende también factores psicológicos, genéticos, ambientales, etc. El ambiente juega un papel clave en la predisposición al consumo de alimentos, a la realización de ejercicio físico, incluso afectando la susceptibilidad genómica, exacerbando o disminuyendo la carga genética. Esta modificación de susceptibilidad genética por el ambiente se conoce como epigenética, que se refiere a una serie de modificaciones por "sobre" la genética que son altamente modificables por factores ambientales. Se ha descrito que algunas de estas modificaciones pueden heredarse de una generación a otra, lo que otorga otro nivel de complejidad al estudio de nuevas terapias complementarias para frenar la tendencia al sobrepeso. En la presente revisión se describe cuales son las modificaciones epigenéticas más frecuentes encontradas, su relación con obesidad y dieta, y finalmente como se relaciona con la transmisión transgeneracional de esta patología.
ABSTRACT Obesity is a multifactorial disease defined by a pathological accumulation of body fat. Its prevalence has increased greatly across the world. Chile has one of the highest prevalence of obesity among OCDE countries. It is caused by a sustained difference between energy expenditure and intake, keeping a positive delta, which drives fat accumulation. However, its etiology is comprised several factors: psychological, genetics, environmental, etc. The environment plays a key role in the predisposition towards food consumption, the adoption of exercise, and genetic susceptibility, increasing or decreasing the genetic load towards obesity. This modification of susceptibility is known as epigenetics, which refers to modifications "over" genetics, which are highly modifiable by environmental factors. Some of these modifications can be inherited from one generation to another, granting a higher complexity level regarding designing novel complementary therapies against obesity. Thus, the present review described which epigenetic modifications are related to obesity and different dietary patterns, and finally how epigenetic modifications can be related to transgenerational transmission of obesity.