ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: People with Sensory Disabilities (PcDS) face barriers for equal access to health care. Thus, health centers require adjustments to comply with equal access that allows an universal coverage of care. AIM: To characterize the adjustments for the care of PcDS in primary health centers in Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study using data obtained through a questionnaire to key informants or via Transparency Law, and direct observation. The variables were subdivided into four categories, namely infrastructure, communication, skills, and environment. RESULTS: The analyzed health centers have a high proportion of general adjustments of their physical settings. However, there is a lack of specific adjustments for deaf and blind people, especially communicational ones. Conclusions: There is a paucity of adjustments for the health care of PcDS in the analyzed health centers. This deficiency underscores the barriers faced by PcDS for receiving care in the Chilean public health system.
Subject(s)
Humans , Disabled Persons , Deafness , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Health Services AccessibilityABSTRACT
RESUMEN La microscopía virtual (MV) está siendo ampliamente implementada en educación y podría llevar a reemplazar a la microscopía óptica (MO). Objetivo: Proporcionar una revisión de la literatura a partir de las preguntas ¿Cuál es la percepción de académicos y estudiantes? y ¿Cuál es el desempeño de los estudiantes? respecto a la enseñanza de histología y/o histopatología con MV en odontología. Material y métodos: Se consultaron las bases de datos: Pubmed, Scielo, Science Direct y Scopus, y 10 artículos fueron seleccionados. Resultados: La totalidad de estudios que evaluaron percepción y desempeño académico obtuvieron resultados a favor de la MV. Conclusiones: La MV tiene un futuro prometedor, pero más estudios con metodologías similares y que consideren la percepción de los académicos son requeridos.
ABSTRACT Virtual microscopy (VM) is being widely implemented in education and could lead to the replacement of light microscopy (LM). Objective: To provide a review of the literature based on the questions: What is the perception of academics and students? and What is the performance of students? regarding the teaching of histology and/or histopathology with VM in dentistry. Material and methods: The following databases were consulted: Pubmed, Scielo, Science Direct and Scopus, and 10 articles were selected. Results: All the studies that evaluated perception and academic performance obtained results in favor of VM. Conclusions: VM has a promising future, but more studies with similar methodologies and that consider the perception of academics are required.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The objective of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a cognitive stimulation programme using technology: PESCO MX in comparison to a traditional programme that used nontechnological recreational activities to improve levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and autonomy in older adults. In this quasi-experimental investigation, 63 participants were divided into three groups of older adults attending three different senior day-care centres. One group was treated with technology, another without technology, and the third group received no programme. All three groups were measured pre-test and post-test. The results show a significant difference in the three variables between the technology group and the control group; however, there is no difference in the pre-test results. Another finding shows significant differences between the three groups for the self-efficacy variable; differences were also found between the group that did not use technology and the control group. There was also a difference between the group without technology and the group that used the PESCO MX (the latter being higher). In general, a cognitive stimulation programme using technology benefitted self-esteem, self-efficacy, and autonomy, which indicates that this programme can contribute to improving the quality of life during old age. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of this study were analysed.
Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar la eficacia de un programa de estimulación cognitiva con tecnología: PESCO MX, frente a un programa tradicional con actividades lúdicas sin tecnología, para mejorar los niveles de autoestima, autoeficacia y autonomía en adultos mayores. En esta investigación cuasi-experimental 63 participantes fueron divididos en tres grupos de adultos mayores de tres diferentes estancias, a uno de ellos se le aplicó el programa con tecnología, a otro sin tecnología y el tercer grupo no se le suministró ningún programa; a los tres se les tomaron dos medidas pretest y postest. Los resultados muestran una diferencia significativa en las tres variables entre el grupo con tecnología y el grupo control, en el pretest no existe diferencia alguna. Otro hallazgo muestra diferencias significativas, para la variable de autoeficacia, entre los tres grupos; es decir, también se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo sin tecnología y el grupo control, además de entre el grupo sin tecnología y el grupo que utilizó el PESCO MX, siendo más alto este último. En general, la autoestima, autoeficacia y autonomía se vieron más beneficiadas a través de un programa de estimulación cognitiva con tecnología, lo que indica que este programa puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida durante la vejez. Finalmente se analizaron las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de este estudio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Effectiveness , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Self Efficacy , Quality of Life , Aged , Personal AutonomyABSTRACT
Resumen La estrategia de Atención Integral a Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia (AIEPI) busca disminuir la enfermedad y la mortalidad en menores de 5 años, por medio de la implementación de acciones orientadas a una atención idónea, tanto en el ámbito asistencial como en el hogar y en la comunidad. El objetivo fue identificar y clasificar los reportes que se han publicado con respecto a la aplicación de las prácticas clave, y a los conocimientos maternos y de cuidadores de la estrategia AIEPI en el mundo. Se recopilaron publicaciones nacionales e internacionales, escritas en inglés y español, que estuvieran registradas en las bases de datos o fuentes de información Scielo, Bireme, Pubmed, Google académico y tesis académicas. La mayoría de los artículos presentan niveles de evidencia VII y VIII, ya que son estudios de casos y controles y descriptivos. Los estudios relacionados con conocimientos maternos evidencian las falencias que presentan los padres y/o cuidadores de los menores de 5 años, con relación a las acciones y estrategias que deben ejercer frente al manejo apropiado de las enfermedades prevalentes. Con respecto a las prácticas clave, los estudios que hicieron parte de la presente revisión de la literatura coinciden en demostrar su efectividad, en cuanto al mejoramiento de las condiciones de salud y bienestar de los menores de 5 años que son objeto de su aplicación. Los estudios concuerdan en la importancia de adelantar procesos educativos que fortalezcan el conocimiento y la aplicación de las prácticas clave, y de la estrategia en general, tanto en las comunidades como en los profesionales de la salud.
Abstract The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy aims to reduce disease and mortality among children under five years of age through the implementation of actions aimed at providing adequate care at the medical, home and community levels. The objective was to identify and classify the reports that have been published regarding the application of key practices and the knowledge that mothers and caregivers have regarding the IMCI strategy in the world. To this end, national and international publications were collected which were written in English or Spanish and registered in databases or information sources such as Scielo, Bireme, Pubmed, Google Scholar and academic theses. The evidence levels of most papers were VII and VIII because they were case, controls and descriptive studies. The studies on maternal knowledge showed the shortcomings of parents and/or caregivers of children under five years of age concerning the actions and strategies that should be applied to appropriately manage prevalent diseases. Regarding key practices, the studies considered in this literature review are consistent in demonstrating their effectiveness in improving the health and welfare conditions among children under five years of age, on whom they are applied. The studies also agree on the importance of advancing educational processes which strengthen the knowledge and application of the key practices as well as the strategy in general, for both communities and healthcare professionals.
Resumo A estratégia de Assistência Integral a Doenças Prevalentes da Infância (AIEPI) visa diminuir doenças e a mortalidade em menores de 5 anos, por meio da implantação de ações destinadas a um atendimento idôneo, tanto no plano assistencial quanto no lar e na comunidade. O propósito foi identificar e classificar os relatórios que têm sido publicados sobre a aplicação das práticas-chave, e sobre os conhecimentos maternos e de protetores da estratégia AIEPI no mundo. Foram coletadas publicações nacionais e internacionais, escritas em inglês e espanhol, que estivessem registradas nas bases de dados ou fontes de informação Scielo, Bireme, Pubmed, Google acadêmico e teses acadêmicas. A maioria dos artigos apresentam níveis de evidência VII e VIII, pois são estudos de casos e controles e descritivos. Os estudos relacionados com conhecimentos maternos evidenciam as falhas que apresentam os pais e/ou pessoas encarregadas do cuidado dos menores de 5 anos, com relação às ações e estratégias que devem exercer diante do controle apropriado das doenças prevalentes. Com relação às práticas-chave, os estudos que fizeram parte desta revisão da literatura coincidem em demonstrar a sua efetividade, quanto à melhora das condições de saúde e bem-estar dos menores de 5 anos que são objeto da sua aplicação. Os estudos concordam na importância de se desenvolver processos educativos que fortaleçam o conhecimento e a aplicação das práticas-chave, e da estratégia em geral, tanto nas comunidades quanto nos profissionais da saúde.