Relationship between happiness and tobacco smoking among high school students / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Recent research has described negative relationship between happiness and habitual smoking among adolescents. No study of this relationship has been conducted among Iranian adolescents. The aim of the present study was to characterize the relationship between happiness and cigarette or hookah smoking among a sample of high school students. METHODS: A sample of 1,161 10th-grade students in Tabriz (northwest Iran) was selected by multi-stage proportional cluster sampling. Participants completed a self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire including information on cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, happiness score, substance abuse, self-injury, general risk-taking behavior, attitudes towards smoking, socioeconomic information, and demographic characteristics. An ordinal logistic regression model was used for data analysis. RESULTS: It was found that 5.9 and 5.0% of students were regular cigarette smokers and regular hookah smokers, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, higher happiness scores were found to protect students against more advanced stages of cigarette smoking (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 0.99; p=0.013). However, no significant relationship was found between happiness scores and hookah smoking status (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.02; p=0.523). CONCLUSIONS: Happiness scores were associated with less advanced stages of habitual cigarette smoking among high school students. Our findings underscore the necessity of conducting longitudinal or interventional studies aiming to determine the effects of enhancing happiness on preventing the transition through the stages of cigarette and hookah smoking.

Relationship between happiness and tobacco smoking among high school students / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Recent research has described negative relationship between happiness and habitual smoking among adolescents. No study of this relationship has been conducted among Iranian adolescents. The aim of the present study was to characterize the relationship between happiness and cigarette or hookah smoking among a sample of high school students.METHODS: A sample of 1,161 10th-grade students in Tabriz (northwest Iran) was selected by multi-stage proportional cluster sampling. Participants completed a self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire including information on cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, happiness score, substance abuse, self-injury, general risk-taking behavior, attitudes towards smoking, socioeconomic information, and demographic characteristics. An ordinal logistic regression model was used for data analysis.RESULTS: It was found that 5.9 and 5.0% of students were regular cigarette smokers and regular hookah smokers, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, higher happiness scores were found to protect students against more advanced stages of cigarette smoking (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 0.99; p=0.013). However, no significant relationship was found between happiness scores and hookah smoking status (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.02; p=0.523).CONCLUSIONS: Happiness scores were associated with less advanced stages of habitual cigarette smoking among high school students. Our findings underscore the necessity of conducting longitudinal or interventional studies aiming to determine the effects of enhancing happiness on preventing the transition through the stages of cigarette and hookah smoking.

Relationship between happiness and tobacco smoking among high school students / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES@#Recent research has described negative relationship between happiness and habitual smoking among adolescents. No study of this relationship has been conducted among Iranian adolescents. The aim of the present study was to characterize the relationship between happiness and cigarette or hookah smoking among a sample of high school students.@*METHODS@#A sample of 1,161 10th-grade students in Tabriz (northwest Iran) was selected by multi-stage proportional cluster sampling. Participants completed a self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire including information on cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, happiness score, substance abuse, self-injury, general risk-taking behavior, attitudes towards smoking, socioeconomic information, and demographic characteristics. An ordinal logistic regression model was used for data analysis.@*RESULTS@#It was found that 5.9 and 5.0% of students were regular cigarette smokers and regular hookah smokers, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, higher happiness scores were found to protect students against more advanced stages of cigarette smoking (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 0.99; p=0.013). However, no significant relationship was found between happiness scores and hookah smoking status (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.02; p=0.523).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Happiness scores were associated with less advanced stages of habitual cigarette smoking among high school students. Our findings underscore the necessity of conducting longitudinal or interventional studies aiming to determine the effects of enhancing happiness on preventing the transition through the stages of cigarette and hookah smoking.

Epidemiological characteristics and trends in the incidence of animal bites in Maku County, Islamic Republic of Iran, 2003-2012

This study examined the epidemiological characteristics and incidence over time of animal bites in Maku County. Data were obtained from health centre records of animal bites from 2003 to 2012. Information on demographic characteristics and bite-related factors were recorded. A total of 2232 people were bitten; the frequency of bites was highest among males [75.4%], rural residents [72.3%] and those < 20 years [47.3%]. Most bites were to the legs and feet [65%] and dogs were responsible for 92% of bites. Over 25% of those bitten delayed seeking care for more than a day, particularly rural residents. The mean incidence was 250 per 100 000 population and there was a statistically significant increasing linear trend over the 10-year period. There is a need to raise public awareness, especially among rural residents, of the importance of early treatment. Given the increasing trend in animal bites, a health policy to tackle this problem is needed

role of botulinum toxin a in treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders: a review

Temporomandibular joint disorders [TMDs] usually present with symptoms and signs such as pain, mandibular movement, dysfunction, or joint sounds. Botulinum toxin type A [BTX-A] is a biologic toxin which inhibits skeletal muscle through hindering the production of acetylcholine in the nerve endings. This toxin is used for the treatment of hyperactivity of lateral pterygoid muscle and TMD symptoms. This comprehensive review aimed to evaluate the effect of BTX-A injections in the lateral pterygoid muscle on treatment of TMDs symptoms.In this study, online databases including Scopus, Medline, Ebsco, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google scholar were searched for the keywords [pterygoid muscle] and [Onabotulinumtoxin A]

Twenty-four articles were eligible to be enrolled in the study. In 4 interventional studies and 20 descriptive studies, BTX-A was used for the treatment of TMDs. The dosage and number of injections were different in each study; however, the injection methods were relatively similar. Regardless of the type, number of injections, and dosage, injection of BTX-A in lateral pterygoid seems effective in reducing the click sound and other TMJ-related muscle disorders such as pain, hyperactivity, and dysfunction

[Psychometric evaluation of the [Health Promoting Life Style Profile 2]]

Objective [s]: The goal of this study was to translate and to evaluate Psychometrically of Iranian version of 'Health Promoting Life Style Profile 2'

Methods: This methodological survey was conducted in 2011 in 3 health centers in Tehran for estimating the construct validity, content validity and reliability with participating of612people. For the purposes of study, the questionnaire was translated. At first stage of the psychometric evaluation, content validity of the questionnaire was measured by Waltz and Bussel content validity index. In order to the evaluating reliability, for determining the external stability of this instrument, test-retest and inter class correlation coefficient were used and for determining the internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. Construct validity indexes were calculated using confirmatory factor analysis

Results: Findings showed that internal correlation coefficient [Alpha Cronbach] was 0.95 for 'health promotion lifestyle profile 2'. Inter class correlation coefficient for the instrument subscales were between 0.67-0.87. Confirmatory factor analysis to assess the validity of the index, fitted X2 was equal to 2.58, the RMSEA index was equal to 0.05, GFI index equal to 0.83, and CFI index was equal to 0.95, respectively

Conclusion: There is high correlation between the total score of "Health promotion lifestyle profile 2" and its subscale scores

Determination of clinical decision rule for estimation of bone mineral density in women

This study assessed the relative risk factors for osteoporosis in women referring to the Bone Densitometry Center during 2007, with the aim of designing a formula to estimate the severity of osteoporosis.Subjects andData of outpatients [n=1,047] who visited the Bone Densitometry Center of Chamran Hospital were gathered by administering a questionnaire to subjects before a duAl energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA] densitometry test of the hip and vertebrae. Of the 1,047 subjects, 764 [73%] were menopausal. The average [ +/- SD] age and weight were 54.5 +/- 10.3 and 69.5 +/- 10.8, respectively. The average [ +/- SD] T score of hip and lumbar spine were-1.88 +/- 1.08 and-1.04 +/- 1.05, respectively. After assessment, the precipitating factors of osteoporosis of the hip were age, menopause, duration of menopause, history of fracture, history and dosage of calcium supplementation, parity and duration of breastfeeding. Protective factors were weight, history of oral contraceptive pill consumption, and exercise, being significant [p<0.05]. Precipitating factors in osteoporosis of vertebrae were age, menopause and duration of menopause, diabetes, history of fracture, history and dosage of calcium supplementation, parity and duration of breastfeeding, with weight as a protective factor [p=<0.05]. Using stepwise regression analysis, a minimal mathematical model for prediction of bone density of the hip and lumbar spine was formulated. Using the mathematical model, along with clinical findings and history, persons at risk of osteoporosis may be identified and early prevention and treatment made possible. Unnecessary expenses of diagnostic procedures for people without the risks of osteoporosis can also be prevented