ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of the paper was to assess the wound healing potential of three medicinal plants using the excision wound healing model on albino rat. Materials and Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was utilized for the partition of the constituent of interest. Qualitative analysis and phytochemical screening were performed for the detection of tannins, alkaloids, resins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids. Three plants extract used for the ointment formulation and prepared by the addition of extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus,Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum inpolyethylene glycol ointment base. Three ointment formulations and six extracts with 5% and 10% extract concentration have been used. Excision wound rat model utilized for the wound healing potential. Results and Conclusion: All three plants, including A. heterophyllus Lam.,M. koenigii Linn., and P. granatum Linn.extracted for the active constituent. The pharmacological evaluation on the excision wound healing model suggested that Group-I animals showed 52.09% of healing, whereas povidone-iodine treated animals showed 100.00% healing. On the other hand, the ointment formulation treated F-1 showed 96.47% of wound healing, F-2 showed 97.68% healing, and F-3 showed 99.11% healing. The overall healing results can be represented as following: Control <MKL5 <MKL10 <PGB5 <PGB10 <AHP5 <AHP10 <F-1 <F-2 <F-3 <Standard. F3 ointment formulation is better than the F2 and F1 formulation in wound healing potential as compared to others. Discussion: These studies have indicated that ointment formulations of A. heterophyllus, M. koenigii, P. granatum have been utilized for wound healing potential and it is safer for topical application. Excision wound healing model suggested that the three individual plant extract has shown the wound healing potential, although the prepared ointment formulations F3 have best and synergistic action than the individual. The ointment formulations containing plant extracts in 10% amount have better wound healing potential.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of the paper was to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial potential of new derivatives of ((E)-3-(5-((substitutedphenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styryl quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Materials and Methods: Various syntheses of (E)-3-(5-(substitutedaminomethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives have been synthesized by reacting 2-substituted benzoxazin-4-one with (E)-2-(4-Substituedstyryl)-4H-benzo[d] [1,3]oxazin-4-one. All synthesized compounds have been characterized by the infrared, 1HNMR, and mass spectral analysis. Proposed compounds have been evaluated for antifungal and antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial activity of synthesized compounds (QNM-1 to QNM-15) has been carried through the serial dilution method. For bacterial screening, bacterial species were taken includes Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-424), and Escherichia coli (MTCC-40). Norfloxacin (1-Ethyl-6-fluoro-1,4,dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline carboxylic acid) was used as the standard drug for antibacterial study. For antifungal screening, the following fungal species were used includes Aspergillus niger (MTCC-281), Candida albicans (MTCC-227), and Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC-284). Clotrimazole was selected as a standard drug for antifungal study. Results and Discussion: QNM-1, QNM-2, QNM-3, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds [Table 1] in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms by the antibacterial screening. In the case of antibacterial activity, the presence of electronegative group (Cl, Br, F, and NO2) at both R may enhance the activity when they are p-substituted, but the compounds QNM-6 (R1=-C6H5Br (o); Ar=-C6H5), QNM-10 (R1 = -C6H5F (o); Ar= -C6H5F), QNM-11 (R1 =-C6H5NO2 (p); Ar=-C6H5F), and QNM-4 (R1 =-C6H5F (m); Ar=-C6H5) with given substitution may result in diminishing the activity. In case of antifungal activity, compounds QNM-1, QNM-5, QNM-7, QNM-9, QNM-11, QNM-12, QNM-14, and QNM-15 were the most active compounds in the synthesized series which were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. In that series, compounds QNM-14, QNM-11, QNM-5, and QNM-7 have shown the highest activity. Compounds QNM-3, QNM-6, QNM-10, and QNM-13 have the least active. This result has also concluded that o-substituted compounds, i.e., -C6H5Cl(o), -C6H5Cl (m), -C6H5Br(o), -C6H5F (o), -C6H5F (p) at R1 position my resulted in diminishing or lower the activity
ABSTRACT
The present study deals with the co-ordination of cytokine(IL-4 and IFN-γ) expression and kinetics of peste des petits ruminants(PPR) virus antigen and antibody in PPRV infected and vaccinated goats.The infected animals exhibited mixed cytokine(both TH1 and TH2) responses in the initial phase of the disease.The infected and dead goats had increased IFN-γ response before their death; while IL-4 remained at the base level.The cytokine expression in recovered animals was almost similar to that of vaccinated ones,where a unique biphasic response of IL-4 expression was observed with an up-regulation of IFN-γ on 7th days post vaccination(dpv).Analysis of PPR virus antigen and antibody kinetics in different components of blood from infected and vaccinated animals revealed that the PPR virus antigen load was highest in plasma followed by serum and blood of the infected animals,whereas vaccinated animals showed only marginal positivity on 9th dpv.The antibody titer was high in serum followed by plasma and blood in both vaccinated and infected animals.Therefore,it is inferred that the presence of antigen and antibody were significant with the expression of cytokine,and that a decreased response of IL-4 was noticed during intermediate phase of the disease i.e.,7 to 12th days post infection(dpi).This indicates the ability to mount a functional TH2 response after 14th dpi could be a critical determinant in deciding the survival of the PPR infected animal.