ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Microbes are notorious for rapidly develop drugs resistant due to gene transfer and spontaneous mutation. So their continues surveillance of antibiogram pattern is necessary to detect muti-drugs resistant organisms to improve patients outcome admitted in ICUs. Objective is to detect bacterial organisms causing infection in different ICUs and to know their antibiotic resistance pattern. Methodology: Total 602 different samples were collected from different ICUs and processed for culture, bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing done according to CLSI recommendation. Results: Out of total 602 samples, 248 (41.02%) were culture positive. The number of isolated Gram negative and Gram positive organisms were 196 (79.03%) and 52 (20.97%) respectively. Most common isolated of Gram negative organism was Pseudomonas spp. 58(23.38%), followed by Acinetobacter spp. 46 (18.55%). While, most common isolated gram positive cocci was coagulase negative staphylococcus spp. 32 (12.95%), followed by Enterococcus spp 8 (3.24%). From total 196 isolates of gram negative, 71.43% were MDROs, 7.14% were XDROs. Out of total 52 gram positive isolates, 40.38% were MDRO, 3.85% were XDRO. Conclusion: Routine Microbiological surveillance helps to guide in implementing better antibiotic policies to improve patient’s morbidity and mortality suffering from multi-drug resistant infections in ICUs.
ABSTRACT
Background: Otitis media is very common disease in developing country and if not treated properly can lead to hearing loss and serious neurological complications. Its bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity varies in different population. Thus knowledge of the microbiological pattern with antibiotic susceptibility is important to deliver efficacious treatment of this disease. So, purpose of the present study was to determine the microbiological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from ear discharge in patients of otitis media. Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Microbiology of our institute for duration of one year. A total of 100 patients’ samples visiting ENT OPD were taken who complaining of ear discharge. Identification of organism was done by using standard biochemical reactions and antibiotic susceptibility testing done by using modified Kirby Bauer method as per CLSI guidelines. Results: Majority of the patients were between 21-30 years of age group (28%). The most common organism isolated was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.88%), highly sensitive to aminoglycosides and β-lactam + β-lactamase inhibitor (100%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21.17%), highly sensitive to aminoglycosides (100%) and fluoroquinolones (72.22%). Conclusions: Knowledge of the pathogenic agents responsible for otitis media and choice of effective antibiotics according to susceptibility pattern will guide the treatment. It also helps in reducing complications of the disease and decreasing emergence of resistance to antibiotics.
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Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection traditionally has been associated with healthcare settings, colonizing patients with underlying debilitating health conditions. Now a day, Hospital management has become increasingly aware of issues related to MRSA infections in the patient population. Aims & Objective: To know the prevalence of MRSA amongst hospitalized as well as OPD based patients and to find out and compare the antibiotic resistance patterns of Methicillin resistant and Methicillin sensitive S. aureus. Material and Methods: Total of 534 Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical specimens using the standard procedures during June 2010 to June 2011. Screening and confirmation of MRSA isolates were done by standard methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). CDC definition was used to classify hospital and community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Detailed information regarding duration in hospital stay, ward, unit and clinical history were collected. Results: Out of 534 Staphylococcus aureus recovered from different clinical samples, 152 (28.46%) were found to be Methicillin resistant. 113 out of 152 isolates (74.34%) were Hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) while 39 out of 152 isolates (25.66%) were Community acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA). The antibiotic susceptibility result shows that MRSA isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics than MSSA isolates. All isolated MRSA were sensitive to Vancomycin. Conclusion: Measures to control the emergence and spread of MRSA are needed to be improved because there are fewer options available for the treatment of MRSA infections. Thus, together with good professional practice and routine infection control precautions constitute the major measures in controlling and preventing MRSA.
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Background: Dengue is one of the most serious mosquito borne viral infection mainly affecting tropical and subtropical countries of the world. In absence of specific treatment and vaccine for dengue fever (DF); vector control is the only method by which the spread of dengue can be prevented. Aims & Objective: This study was conducted to report the prevalence of Dengue virus infection in Gujarat, Western India. Material and Methods: Study was performed at a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in year 2012. Patients attending various hospitals across Gujarat for suspected dengue were tested. Blood samples collected in plain tubes were tested for dengue IgM antibodies, NS1 antigen and viral nucleic acid detection by Dengue IgM capture enzyme linked immune sorbent assay, Dengue Early ELISA and real time reverse transcriptase PCR, respectively. The laboratory records were analyzed for demographic features and seasonal variations. Descriptive statistics were used. Data were expressed in proportions. Results: Out of total 4401 serum samples tested, 927 were found positive for dengue virus infection. 65% positive samples were of male patients and 58% positive samples were from 18 to 35 years age group (Adult population) (58%). Seasonal trend showed a gradual increase in dengue positives started from August with a peak in October (34.5%). The most common presentation was fever (97%) while only 1% cases presented haemorrhagic manifestations. Conclusion: Dengue has established its transmission in urban and semi-urban areas of Gujarat with predominantly affecting males and active adult population. Virus activity is high during monsoon and post monsoon period which coincides with increased vector breeding. This study thus emphasizes the need for continuous sero epidemiological surveillance for the timely formulation and implementation of effective dengue control programme.
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Background: The purpose of this study was to isolate the Candida spp. & examine their susceptibility to antifungal drugs from various clinical specimens. One hundred fifty isolates of Candida spp. were included in this study. Clinical history revealed that all patients were on systemic broad spectrum antibacterial drugs. Materials and Methods: Candida spp. was differentiated by germ tube test, culture characteristics on special media for fungus, sugar fermentation, sugar assimilation and growth on corn meal agar. Antifungal drug susceptibility testing against Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole, Nystatin and Amphotericin B were done on basis of CLSI guidelines on Methylene blue containing Mueller Hinton Agar by disk diffusion method. Result: We found 52% and 48%, C.albicans & Non albicans candida spp., respectively. There were no resistance to Nystatin and Amphotericin B. C.albicans was more susceptible than Non albicans candida. Nystatin & Amphotericin B were susceptible to all isolated Candida spp. In present scenario, Fluconazole is most commonly used empirical antifungal drug, which is more effective to C.albicans than Non albicans Candida. Conclusion: Due to emergence of resistance in Azole group of antifungal among Non albicans candida, it should be mandatory to use antifungal drugs as per the susceptibility testing.