ABSTRACT
Rehabilitation of hemimaxillectomy patients can be challenging. The most common problem with prosthetic treatment in such patients is in getting adequate retention, stability, and support. Maxillary obturator prosthesis is most commonly fabricated for patient's undergone surgical maxillectomy. It helps in mastication, deglutition and aids in speech. Various methods have been described in literature to make it hollow for reduction of weight of prosthesis. This case report describes another method of making a hollow prosthesis.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in Indian women. Although breast cancer is an epithelial malignancy, stroma plays a key role in its development and pathogenesis. Stromal markers are now emerging as novel markers in assessing the prognosis of invasive breast cancer and have not been studied extensively till date. The aim of the present study is to study the stromal expression of CD10 in breast carcinoma, fi nd its relationship with other prognostic markers and study the role stroma plays in breast cancer pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 cases of breast cancer were included in the study. Representative sections were taken and hematoxylin and eosin staining was done. Immunohistochemistry was performed with ER, PR, Her2neu and CD10. Stromal expression of CD10 (>10% stromal positivity was considered positive) in invasive breast carcinoma was noted and was statistically analyzed with different known prognostic markers of breast carcinoma. Results: Stromal expression of CD10 was found to be signifi cantly associated with increasing tumor grade (P = 0.04), increasing mitotic rate (P = 0.33), worsening prognosis (P = 0.01), ER negativity (P = 0.0001), Her2neu positivity (P = 0.19) and with molecular subtypes (CD10 positivity with the HER2 type, and CD10 negativity with Luminal type). No correlation was found between CD10 overexpression and PR, age, menopausal status, tumor size, lymph node positivity and tumor stage. Conclusions: This study gives substantial proof to the various models/research papers explaining the role of stroma/CD10 in breast cancer pathogenesis. Keeping the role stroma plays in predicting prognosis and tumor response, CD10 should be included as a routine pre-chemotherapy marker in breast carcinoma. Further studies should be performed to see the role stroma plays in hormonal expression and the usefulness of CD10 to predict treatment failure in breast carcinomas receiving neoadjuvant therapy.
ABSTRACT
Background: Oropharyngeal carcinoma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Indian population due to increased use of tobacco chewing products. Mucosal biopsy is widely regarded as the gold standard for detecting oral carcinomas, but exfoliative cytology are increasingly used for early detection of malignancy and strict follow up in suspicious looking lesions. Aims & Objective: The aim of this study was to see the reliability of oral scrape cytology to detect pre-malignant and malignant oral lesions in terms of sensitivity and specificity and to see whether it can replace biopsy for diagnosing the same. Material and Methods: A total of 100 cases with oral lesions were included in the study. All patients underwent oral scrape cytology and 55 cases were followed up with punch biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated. Cytopathology and histopathology of premalignant and malignant lesions were compared using T test. Results: Oral cancer is most common in male (M: F 7:1). Premalignant lesions were more common in the tongue, whereas the floor of mouth was more involved by malignant lesions. Four cases were marked insufficient on cytopathology. 25% of cases were false negatives. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 91.5%, 100%, 100% and 66.7%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed P of 0.7491 suggesting that there is no significant difference between histopathology and brush cytology in assessing clinically premalignant lesions but for clinically malignant lesions P values of 0.0001 suggesting that there is significant difference between histopathology and scrape smear cytopathology in assessing malignant lesions. Conclusion: The high specificity and the high positive predictive value of oral scrape cytology makes it an ideal screening test for early detection of oral cancer. However, its low sensitivity means that it can miss cases of carcinoma, and should be followed up with biopsy with string clinical suspicion. Also, there is statistically significant difference between histopathological and cytopathological diagnosis in diagnosing dysplasia or carcinoma.