Physical activity and energy expenditure among older adults

Physical activity and exercise for older helps improve mental and physical health, both of which will help you maintain your independence as you age. This study aimed find the type and level of physical activity and energy expenditure from physical activities done by older adults. 42 participants were approached from different residential area of Surat and IPAQ (Guajarati) was used to measure Physical activity in adults and for energy expenditure. Energy expenditure was measured by using equation EE = MET x 3.5 x Weight (kilograms)/200. For total vigorous activity PA ± EE were 7260 (MET-min/week) ± 648.75 (Kcal/week), total moderate activity PA was 72382.5 (MET-min/week) and EE was 624 (Kcal/week), total walking activity PA and EE were 31775 (MET-min/week) and 404.49 (Kcal/week) respectively, total sitting activity PA ± EE were 136800 (MET-min/week) ± 96.12 (Kcal/week) and total driving activity PA and EE were 5410 (MET-min/week) and 96.11 (Kcal/week) respectively. In older adults, sitting and walking have found most common type of PA with less EE and more EE found with less vigorous and moderate activity.

Association of ABO groups in malaria infection of variable severity.

Background & objectives: Literature reports several studies on ABO groups and malaria but a study with an adequate sample size and controls is not available. ABO groups are genetically controlled, hence, large sample size and comparison with population frequency is essential. To determine whether malaria infection with variable severity has correlation with ABO groups. Study design & Methods: Blood samples of non-transfused malaria cases were obtained from pathology laboratories and transfused malaria patients’ from Blood Bank. The malaria parasites were identified by examination of thick and thin smears. Control (normal population) included 11,303 students. Results: The ABO group frequency of normal population was ‘O’ 32.3%, ‘A’ 22.2%, ‘B’ 36.7% and ‘AB’ 8.8%. The overall ABO group distribution in 8028 malaria cases was ‘O’ 30%, ‘A’ 24.6%, ‘B’ 35.5% and ‘AB’ 8.9%. ‘A’ group incidence was significantly higher than normal (‘A’ vs non-‘A’ 2 = 15, df=1, p <0.001). ABO group frequencies were comparable within Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria. There was no significant difference in ABO group distribution in malaria patients having severe anemia or among transfused and nontransfused malaria cases. About 32% of P. falciparum cerebral malaria cases and 36% DIC cases were of ‘A’ group. Compared to 22.2% ‘A’ group in the population, malaria cases showed preponderance of ‘A’ group. Because of the small numbers statistical evaluation was not done. Conclusion: ‘A’ blood group is more susceptible to have malaria infection and risk of cerebral malaria and DIC in malaria is also more in ‘A’ group individuals.