ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo es analizar la situación actual del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana/Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida [VIH/SIDA] en España, por comunidades autónomas. Para ello, se analizan los datos epidemiológicos de VIH y de sida en España, ajustados a las tasas de población y se comparan índices de prevalencia y la distribución por sexo, edad y vía de transmisión del sida en las comunidades autónomas españolas. Además, se presta especial atención a los inmigrantes como personas que pueden estar emitiendo conductas de riesgo para la infección por VIH/sida. Los resultados muestran que las comunidades autónomas con índices de prevalencia más elevados son: Madrid, País Vasco, Baleares y Cataluña. Del total de infectados por el VIH/sida en España desde 1981, el 80,02% corresponde a hombres y, por grupos de edad, el más afectado es el de los que tienen entre 30 y 34 años. Aunque el número de casos de sida haya descendido en España desde la entrada de los tratamientos antirretrovirales, debe prestarse atención a la epidemia y a algunos colectivos en mayor situación de riesgo, como son los inmigrantes.
The aim of this work was to analyze the current HIV/AIDS situation in Spainaccording to Spanish regions. Epidemiological HIV and AIDS Spanish data are analyzed and adjusted by population rates. Prevalence indexes and distribution by gender, age and way of transmission in the Spanish regions are compared. In addition, it is paid special attention to immigrant populationas people who can take HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. Results revealed that the Spanish regions with the highest prevalence rates are Madrid, BasqueCountry, Balearic Islands and Catalonia. According to accumulate data since1981 in Spain, AIDS percentage in males is 80.02% of the total of infectedpeople. Respect to age, the highest percentage of people who live with AIDStakes place in persons who are between 30 and 34 years old. Despite of thedecrease of AIDS cases in Spain since the introduction of highly activeantiretroviral therapies (HAART), AIDS epidemic need more attention,specifically to some groups in higher risk situation, like immigrants.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Population Studies in Public HealthABSTRACT
Se analizó el sistema de evaluación y selección del profesorado universitario de los países que ocupan los diez primeros puestos del ranking académico mundial elaborado por el Institute of Higher Education, y si el tipo de sistema (centralizado vs no centralizado) de cada país determina el número de universidades que posee en ese ranking. Los resultados indicaron que, aunque no existe una asociación entre el tipo de sistema y el número de universidades/100000 habitantes que cada país tiene dentro del ranking, este número es mayor en los países con sistema no centralizado, lo que sugiere la importancia del sistema de selección en la determinación de la productividad de las universidades.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Educational Measurement , Efficiency , Faculty , Research , Psychology , VenezuelaABSTRACT
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Summary Introduction. HIV infection is a chronic-character illness which implies a high level of uncertainty for patients. Indeed, HIV infection involves confronting an illness surrounded by social stigma and refusal. There following are some of the situations that suppose big emotional repercussions: When an individual does not know whether he/she is infected, when he/she receives HIV diagnosis, or when he/she must say to other people that he/ she is HIV positive. The emotional effects are depression, anxiety, and anger, which are frecuent emotional reactions among HIV infected patients. These reactions disappear when the patient adapts to his/her condition of HIV infected. Likewise, the uncertainty that produces HIV infection is related both to high levels of anxiety and depression because patients do not know how their infection will evolve. Anger and depression constitute other emotional factors related to a faster evolution of HIV infection. In addition to that, depression has effects over the fullfillment of the HIV infection treatment guidelines. Considering the importance of emotional aspects in HIV infection, this research's aims were to verify the differences in the sample of patients with HIV that has been evaluated regarding characteristics of depression, state of anxiety, state of anger, trait of anger, and expression of anger according to gender, stage of HIV infection, CD4 cells, viral load, transmission way, and the presence of lipodystrophy. Another aim was to verify if there were any differences between the sample of persons with HIV/AIDS that has been evaluated and the normative group in symptoms of depression, state of anxiety, state of anger, trait of anger, and expression of anger. Method. In the present research paticipated 100 HIV/AIDS-infected patients; 37 of them were women and 63 were men. The patients attended medical visits in different hospitals of Andalusia (Spain). The age rank of these patients was between 18 and 70 years. The average age was 39.55 years and the standard deviation was 7.49. The instruments used for the assessment were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the subscale of state of anxiety of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2). The data were collected in three hospitals of the Andalusian region by the same investigator and the confidentiality of the data was guaranteed. Another information collected were clinical data of the patients from the case histories. The statistic program SPSS 11.0 was used for the analysis of the data. This study has an ex post facto retrospective design. Results. The results showed statistically significant differences in state of anxiety according to the viral load and lipodystrophy, with higher levels of state of anxiety in the group that had a halfway point in viral load and in the group that did not show lypodistrophy. On the other hand, there were statistically significant differences in the state of anger according to the stage of HIV infection, with higher levels of anger in the group that was in the symptomatic stage of HIV infection. In this study it has been found that most men with HIV/AIDS showed symptoms of depression that were between slight, moderate, and severe depression. In contrast, a big part of the group of women did not show characteristics of depression. With regard to anxiety, an important proportion of men showed a state of anxiety, while women did not show it in most cases. Most men and women presented a low level of state of anger. In the variable trait of anger, it has been found that approximately half of the men was in the normal rank. In the group of women, the majority was in the normal rank of trait of anger too. Finally, with regard to expression of anger, more of a third of the men and women with HIV/AIDS did not express anger. Discussion. The stage of the HIV infection could be a factor that explains the high presence of characteristics of depression in men. Women could have better ways to confront the illness than men. The high levels of depression symptoms and anxiety in the group of men could be explained by the ignorance about how the infection will evolve. Other results indicated that patients infected by heterosexual relationships showed higher anxiety than patients infected by the intravenous use of drugs. This fact could be explained by a higher presence of cognitions related to the evolution of the HIV infection or risk behaviors in people who were infected by heterosexual intercourse. Patients with a halfway point in viral load showed higher levels of state of anxiety and state of anger than patients with low viral load, because people with halfway point in viral load were more aware of the deterioration produced by the HIV infection and they did not assume it. The stage of HIV infection could be a factor that explains the higher levels of state of anger in patients in the symptomatic stage. The presence of lipodystrophy implies a deterioration of corporal image in patients that suffer this syndrome. It has been found that patients who did not have lipodystrophy showed higher levels of state of anxiety than the patients with lipodystrophy. This result is incongruent with other studies that have been made. It is suggested that this is an effect of a small sample. However, two explanations can be advanced about this result. On the one hand, lipodystrophy has nowadays a subjective diagnosis, and it could be the case that many patients' lipodystrophy has not being diagnosed, when they actually have the syndrome. On the other, it has been observed that there are delays when the data related to lipodystrophy must be gathered in case histories and thus it is not known if a patient endures lipodystrophy exactly. It could be the case that a patient suffers lipodystrophy and this fact does not appear in the case history. Considering that depression and anxiety are frequent disorders in patients with HIV/AIDS and that these factors influence the immune system, the results obtained could be used for the design of intervention programs whose aims would be the assessment and the intervention of depression and anxiety. Some aspects which would be important to assess in future researches with HIV/AIDS patients are social support, levels of perceived stigma, and the perception of health control.
ABSTRACT
El presente estudio trata de investigar cómo diversos rasgos de personalidad, concretamente el patrón de Conducta tipo C, influye en la evolución y el pronóstico de la enfermedad. Para ello, se administraron pruebas, que evaluaban todos los aspectos que definen el patrón Tipo C, evaluando en el grupo de cáncer, las dimensiones previas a la jubilación. En este estudio participaron 80 sujetos, 20 con neoplasia mamaria, 20 con neoplasia urológica y 40 control. Los resultados obtenidos no muestran diferencias significativas (aunque hay tendencia a la significación) entre ambos grupos (cáncer y no cáncer), pero ciertos aspectos son significativos. El hecho de no encontrar un Patrón tipo C, podría deberse al pequeño tamaño de la muestra. No obstante, aquellos pacientes en los que se encuentra tendencia al patrón Tipo C, son los que tienen un mayor índice de recaídas. Otro factor a tener en cuenta en futuras investigaciones es la tendencia en pacientes a distorsionar sus respuestas, sobre valorando su historia personal previa a la enfermedad.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how the different features of personality, in specific the behavioral pattern of the Type C behavior, have influence on the development and prognosis of Cancer, The present study investigated and analyzed how the patterns of conduct have influence in the evolution and prognostics of disease. Method: 80 patients took part in the study, 20 with mammary neoplastic, 20 with urologic neoplastic and 40 as control group. The patients were given a test that evaluated all the aspects that define Type C behavior, evaluating in the cancer group the previous dimensions before prognostics and evaluating in the control group the previous dimensions to retirement. Results: there were no significant differences (although there is a tendency to signification) between both groups (cancer group and control). Conclusions: Not findings a Type C behavior, could be because of the small size of...