Progress of unfolded protein response in acute respiratory distress syndrome / 国际儿科学杂志

Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)is a severe respiratory disease in children and the pathogenesis is not fully defined.It is mainly related to various mechanisms of lung injury such as inflammation and autophagy.In recent years, studies have found that, endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)can aggravate lung injury in ARDS, in which protein homeostasis imbalance can induce activation of the unfolded protein response(UPR).The UPR reconstructs homeostasis by mediating transmembrane protein-related signaling pathways, while continuous excessive ERS will promote apoptosis and autophagy.This review summarizes the progress of the signaling pathway of UPR related to lung injury and its inflammatory effect in ARDS.

Analysis on condom use negotiation with sex partners and condom use in female sex workers / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To know condom use negotiation with clients and regular sex partners and condom use in female sex workers (FSWs), and provide reference for the development of comprehensive HIV/AIDS intervention for FSWs.@*Methods@#The cross sectional survey was conducted in Jianshui county and Mengzi county in Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefecture. A total of 476 FSWs aged 16 years and above were recruited from entertainment venues, and the information about their demographic characteristics, condom use negotiation and condom use were collected by using questionnaires. Logistic regression model was used to analyze related factors of condom use after negotiation between FSWs and clients unwilling use condom.@*Results@#A total of 852 FSWs who aged (24.29±8.44) years old participated in the survey. In past month, 499 FSWs had negotiation for condom use with unwilling clients (58.6%, 499/852), after negotiation, 441 FSWs (88.4%, 441/499) had consistent condom use in each sex with the clients. In the past one month, 99 FSWs had negotiation for unwilling use condom with regular sex partners (14.4%, 99/687), after negotiation, 54 FSWs (54.5%, 54/99) had consistent condom use in each sex with regular sex partners. Among the FSWs, 266 (53.3%, 266/499) reported that they could say "It is a mandatory requirement" to persuade clients who were unwilling to use condom. 97(19.4%, 97/499) reported that they could say "There is risk for infection" to persuade clients who were unwilling to use condoms. 115 (23.1%,115/499) reported that they could say "It is a mandatory requirement" and "there is risk for infection" to persuade their unwilling clients to use condoms. 21 (4.2%, 21/499) reported that they used other strategies. 22 (4.4%, 22/499) felt that it was difficult to persuade clients to use condoms. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with FSWs who felt difficult in persuading clients to use condoms, FSWs who felt moderate difficulty were more likely to have consistent condom use after negotiation (OR=4.00, 95%CI: 1.55-10.32) and FSWs who felt easy in persuading clients to use condoms were also more likely to have consistent condom use (OR=30.17, 95%CI: 3.22-282.44). Compared with FSWs used other strategies to persuade their clients to use condoms, FSWs who said it was a mandatory requirement were more likely to have consistent condom use after negotiation (OR=4.44, 95%CI: 1.41-14.01) and FSWs who said it was a mandatory requirement and there was risk for infection were also more likely to have consistent condom use (OR=5.52, 95%CI: 1.55-19.73).@*Conclusions@#Negotiation for condom use increased the rate of condom use in FSWs in sex with clients who were unwilling to use condom. The negotiation strategy of "It is a mandatory requirement" would promote condom use in FSWs in sex with clients who were unwilling to use condom. Besides, the negotiation strategy of saying "there is risk for infection" had additional effects.

Study on the prevalence of HIV infection and related risk behaviors among male new-type drug users in Qingdao, Shandong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the characteristics of new-type drug consumption,sexual behaviors and the prevalence of HIV infection among male new-type drug users in Qingdao,Shandong province.Methods A cross sectional survey was conducted from 2015 to 2016.Participants were recruited from MSM community-based organizations (CBO) and general community through snowball method,relying on volunteers and male peer educators who were on new-type drugs themselves.Face-to-face interview was carried to collect information on drug use and sexual behaviors.Blood samples were collected to test HIV,syphilis and HCV antibodies.Urine samples were collected to test the evidence of new-type drugs.Qualitative variables and quantitative variables were analyzed using Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test respectively.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze related factors of binary variables.Results A total of 1 034 new-type drug users were recruited,including 431 (41.7％) MSM population and 603 (58.3％) who were not MSM.Compared with the the group of people who were not MSM,people in the the MSM group were younger,unmarried and with higher level of education.The proportion of methamphetamine users were 49.7％ (214/431) and 100.0％ (603/603) among the groups of MSM or not MSM,respectively.People in the MSM group,66.8％ (288/431) used 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT,"foxy") in the last six months.However,none from the not-MSM group ever used 5-MeO-DIPT.In the last six months,proportions of sharing new-type drugs with more than two people in the MSM or not groups were 87.9％ (379/431) and 97.7％ (588/602),respectively (x2=39.84,P＜0.01).Proportions of unprotected sexual behavior among the MSM or not groups were 47.5％ (285/600) and 7.4％ (32/430) respectively (x2=190.10,P＜0.01).The proportions of ‘group sex’ after using drugs among the two groups were 78.1％ (335/429) and 5.5％ (33/600) respectively (x2=573.73,P＜0.01).The prevalence rates of HIV,syphilis and HCV antibody positive among the MSM or not groups were 2.1％ and 0.2％,3.3％ and 6.3％,0.0％ and 0.3％,respectively.Conclusion The prevalence of sharing new-type drugs with more than two people was high among male new-type drug users in Qingdao city.Male new-type-drug-users who were MSM,presented both high prevalence of group sex and HIV infection,and with less condom use.Intervention measures towards this sub-population should be strengthened.

Prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis and related behaviors in clients in Ya'an of Sichuan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis in clients in Ya'an of Sichuan province.Methods A survey was conducted in clients recruited through snowball method in Ya'an of Sichuan from April 2014 to December 2015.The information of the clients,including basic demography characteristics,AIDS knowledge awareness,high-risk behaviors and others,were collected through face-to-face interviews.Blood sample (5 ml) was taken from each client to test antibodies against HIV and syphilis.Statistical software SPSS 18.0 was used for data analysis.Results Among the 708 clients,the constituent ratio of those aged ≥50 years was 51.27％ (363/708),those in Han ethnic group was 99.72％ (706/708),those with junior high school educational level or below was 90.11％ (638/708),those who got married or cohabitated with others was 74.15％ (525/708),and those who used condoms at each sex was 27.40％ (194/708).Seven HIV positive cases were detected and 4 cases were aged ≥50 years.Seven syphilis cases were detected and all the cases were aged ≥ 50 year.No HIV-syphilis co-infection case was detected.The prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis were all 0.99％ (95％CI:0.30％-1.70％).Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the clients who had their first commercial sex behavior at age ＜30 years (OR=6.61,95％CI:1.09-40.18) would have higher HIV positive rate.Conclusion The rate of condom use was low in the clients in Ya'an and they didn't pay enough attention to their self-protection in sexual activities.Especially the clients aged ≥50 years were with low educational level and had high risk commercial sexual behaviors for HIV infection and syphilis.Close attention needs to be paid to them.

Study on the prevalence of HIV infection and related risk behaviors among male new-type drug users in Qingdao, Shandong province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the characteristics of new-type drug consumption,sexual behaviors and the prevalence of HIV infection among male new-type drug users in Qingdao,Shandong province.Methods A cross sectional survey was conducted from 2015 to 2016.Participants were recruited from MSM community-based organizations (CBO) and general community through snowball method,relying on volunteers and male peer educators who were on new-type drugs themselves.Face-to-face interview was carried to collect information on drug use and sexual behaviors.Blood samples were collected to test HIV,syphilis and HCV antibodies.Urine samples were collected to test the evidence of new-type drugs.Qualitative variables and quantitative variables were analyzed using Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test and Student's t-test respectively.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze related factors of binary variables.Results A total of 1 034 new-type drug users were recruited,including 431 (41.7％) MSM population and 603 (58.3％) who were not MSM.Compared with the the group of people who were not MSM,people in the the MSM group were younger,unmarried and with higher level of education.The proportion of methamphetamine users were 49.7％ (214/431) and 100.0％ (603/603) among the groups of MSM or not MSM,respectively.People in the MSM group,66.8％ (288/431) used 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT,"foxy") in the last six months.However,none from the not-MSM group ever used 5-MeO-DIPT.In the last six months,proportions of sharing new-type drugs with more than two people in the MSM or not groups were 87.9％ (379/431) and 97.7％ (588/602),respectively (x2=39.84,P＜0.01).Proportions of unprotected sexual behavior among the MSM or not groups were 47.5％ (285/600) and 7.4％ (32/430) respectively (x2=190.10,P＜0.01).The proportions of ‘group sex’ after using drugs among the two groups were 78.1％ (335/429) and 5.5％ (33/600) respectively (x2=573.73,P＜0.01).The prevalence rates of HIV,syphilis and HCV antibody positive among the MSM or not groups were 2.1％ and 0.2％,3.3％ and 6.3％,0.0％ and 0.3％,respectively.Conclusion The prevalence of sharing new-type drugs with more than two people was high among male new-type drug users in Qingdao city.Male new-type-drug-users who were MSM,presented both high prevalence of group sex and HIV infection,and with less condom use.Intervention measures towards this sub-population should be strengthened.

Prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis and related behaviors in clients in Ya'an of Sichuan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis in clients in Ya'an of Sichuan province.Methods A survey was conducted in clients recruited through snowball method in Ya'an of Sichuan from April 2014 to December 2015.The information of the clients,including basic demography characteristics,AIDS knowledge awareness,high-risk behaviors and others,were collected through face-to-face interviews.Blood sample (5 ml) was taken from each client to test antibodies against HIV and syphilis.Statistical software SPSS 18.0 was used for data analysis.Results Among the 708 clients,the constituent ratio of those aged ≥50 years was 51.27％ (363/708),those in Han ethnic group was 99.72％ (706/708),those with junior high school educational level or below was 90.11％ (638/708),those who got married or cohabitated with others was 74.15％ (525/708),and those who used condoms at each sex was 27.40％ (194/708).Seven HIV positive cases were detected and 4 cases were aged ≥50 years.Seven syphilis cases were detected and all the cases were aged ≥ 50 year.No HIV-syphilis co-infection case was detected.The prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis were all 0.99％ (95％CI:0.30％-1.70％).Results from the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the clients who had their first commercial sex behavior at age ＜30 years (OR=6.61,95％CI:1.09-40.18) would have higher HIV positive rate.Conclusion The rate of condom use was low in the clients in Ya'an and they didn't pay enough attention to their self-protection in sexual activities.Especially the clients aged ≥50 years were with low educational level and had high risk commercial sexual behaviors for HIV infection and syphilis.Close attention needs to be paid to them.

Trend on HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in China from 2010 to 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the trends on HIV and syphilis infections,as well as on risk behaviors and intervention among MSM in China from 2010 to 2013 so as to provide information for the development of intervention strategies for MSM. Methods Study population involved MSM who were recruited for the national HIV sentinel surveillance between 2010 and 2013. Demographic information,HIV related risk behaviors,and results on HIV and syphilis infections were described and trend analysis was performed. Results Between 2010 and 2013,the total number of MSM under survey was 149 848. As for sources of the studied population,12.3% of them were from public bathrooms (Group A),30.1% from internet (Group B),and 57.5% were others (Group C). Proportions of three groups were similar between 2010 and 2013. The proportion of always using condom in the last six months increased from 30.2%to 37.8%,from 34.7%to 42.9%and from 35.3%to 43.1%in group A,B or C( trend:P<0.01),from 2010 to 2013. The proportion of using condom in group A was the lowest among the three groups. The prevalence rate of HIV increased from 7.8%in 2010 to 9.2%in 2013 among group A,from 5.0%in 2010 to 6.8%in 2013 among group B,from 5.6%in 2010 to 6.5%in 2013 among group C(trend:P<0.01). The prevalence rate of syphilis decreased from 13.2% in 2010 to 9.5% in 2013 among group A,from 6.1% in 2010 to 5.7% in 2013 among group B,from 8.7% in 2010 to 6.2% in 2013 among group C (trend:P<0.01). In this MSM population,77.1%of them were at age 21-40,9.4%were at age 41-50 and 2.8%were older than 50 years of age. Both the prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis were the highest-10.1%and 13.6%,among age group of over 50s,respectively. Conclusion HIV prevalence among MSM increased rapidly in the last four years,especially in older age groups and from public bathrooms. More intervention efforts should be targeting on MSM with the above mentioned characters.

Trend on HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in China from 2010 to 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the trends on HIV and syphilis infections,as well as on risk behaviors and intervention among MSM in China from 2010 to 2013 so as to provide information for the development of intervention strategies for MSM. Methods Study population involved MSM who were recruited for the national HIV sentinel surveillance between 2010 and 2013. Demographic information,HIV related risk behaviors,and results on HIV and syphilis infections were described and trend analysis was performed. Results Between 2010 and 2013,the total number of MSM under survey was 149 848. As for sources of the studied population,12.3% of them were from public bathrooms (Group A),30.1% from internet (Group B),and 57.5% were others (Group C). Proportions of three groups were similar between 2010 and 2013. The proportion of always using condom in the last six months increased from 30.2%to 37.8%,from 34.7%to 42.9%and from 35.3%to 43.1%in group A,B or C( trend:P<0.01),from 2010 to 2013. The proportion of using condom in group A was the lowest among the three groups. The prevalence rate of HIV increased from 7.8%in 2010 to 9.2%in 2013 among group A,from 5.0%in 2010 to 6.8%in 2013 among group B,from 5.6%in 2010 to 6.5%in 2013 among group C(trend:P<0.01). The prevalence rate of syphilis decreased from 13.2% in 2010 to 9.5% in 2013 among group A,from 6.1% in 2010 to 5.7% in 2013 among group B,from 8.7% in 2010 to 6.2% in 2013 among group C (trend:P<0.01). In this MSM population,77.1%of them were at age 21-40,9.4%were at age 41-50 and 2.8%were older than 50 years of age. Both the prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis were the highest-10.1%and 13.6%,among age group of over 50s,respectively. Conclusion HIV prevalence among MSM increased rapidly in the last four years,especially in older age groups and from public bathrooms. More intervention efforts should be targeting on MSM with the above mentioned characters.

Mobility of HIV/AIPS and affecting factors anlysis in 2013, China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the factors of people living with HIV/AIDS and mobility in 2013 who were reported before 2012 in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data were collected through China HIV/AIDS case reporting information system in 2012 and 2013. A total of 300 349 HIV/AIDS cases reported before 2012 have been included in this study and have been visited in 2013.SPSS software was used to conduct multivariate logistic regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 300 349 HIV/AIDS cases have been included in the study and 5.4% (16 088/300 349) objects have changed their residential locations in 2013. The movements mostly happened inside local province, which accounted for 69.1% (11 114/16 088).In Yunnan,Guangdong, and Guangxi province, the mobile percentage were 85.8% (2 377/2 771), 58.5% (1 534/2 621) and 78.1% (1 470/1 883) that movements happened inside local province. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male (12 478 cases,OR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.03-1.12), HIV infection (12 125 cases,OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.92-2.0), 15-49 age group (15 144 cases,OR = 2.16, 95%CI: 2.00-2.32) were more mobile.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The movements mostly happened inside local province in 2013 in China and population movements tends to happen in young men infected with HIV.</p>

Trend on HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in China from 2010 to 2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the trends on HIV and syphilis infections, as well as on risk behaviors and intervention among MSM in China from 2010 to 2013 so as to provide information for the development of intervention strategies for MSM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Study population involved MSM who were recruited for the national HIV sentinel surveillance between 2010 and 2013. Demographic information, HIV related risk behaviors, and results on HIV and syphilis infections were described and trend analysis was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Between 2010 and 2013, the total number of MSM under survey was 149 848. As for sources of the studied population, 12.3% of them were from public bathrooms (Group A), 30.1% from internet (Group B), and 57.5% were others (Group C). Proportions of three groups were similar between 2010 and 2013. The proportion of always using condom in the last six months increased from 30.2% to 37.8%, from 34.7% to 42.9% and from 35.3% to 43.1% in group A, B or C (trend:P < 0.01), from 2010 to 2013. The proportion of using condom in group A was the lowest among the three groups. The prevalence rate of HIV increased from 7.8% in 2010 to 9.2% in 2013 among group A, from 5.0% in 2010 to 6.8% in 2013 among group B, from 5.6% in 2010 to 6.5% in 2013 among group C(trend:P < 0.01). The prevalence rate of syphilis decreased from 13.2% in 2010 to 9.5% in 2013 among group A, from 6.1% in 2010 to 5.7% in 2013 among group B, from 8.7% in 2010 to 6.2% in 2013 among group C (trend:P < 0.01). In this MSM population, 77.1% of them were at age 21-40, 9.4% were at age 41-50 and 2.8% were older than 50 years of age. Both the prevalence rates of HIV and syphilis were the highest-10.1% and 13.6%, among age group of over 50s, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIV prevalence among MSM increased rapidly in the last four years, especially in older age groups and from public bathrooms. More intervention efforts should be targeting on MSM with the above mentioned characters.</p>

HIV and syphilis infections among street-based female sex workers in China, 2010-2012 / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Female sex workers (FSW) were high-risk population for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) earlier, and now are an important driver of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. Sentinel surveillance for FSW was set up to monitor the trend of HIV prevalence and risk behavior-related HIV infection. This study collected the data on street-based FSW from HIV sentinel surveillance system to understand HIV and syphilis infections, risk behaviors, and intervention in China from 2010 to 2012.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study population was the street-based FSW who were recruited for the national HIV integrated biological and behavioral surveillance between 2010 and 2012. Demographic information, HIV-related risk behaviors, and HIV and syphilis testing results were described and trend analysis was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Between 2010 and 2012, the number of street-based FSW surveyed was 3725, 3425, and 3335, respectively. HIV knowledge awareness rate significantly increased from 74.6% in 2010 to 76.8% in 2011 and 82.2% in 2012 (P < 0.01). More FSW consistently used condom in the last month (49.0% in 2010; 51.0% in 2011; and 59.0% in 2012) and in the last commercial sex (72.0% in 2010; 78.5% in 2011; and 80.0% in 2012) over time. The proportions of individuals who received HIV testing in the last year were 31.2% (2010), 37.0% (2011), and 36.9% (2012) (P-trend <0.01). HIV prevalence rate changed from 1.5% in 2010 to 1.4% in 2011 and 2.3% in 2012 (P-trend = 0.01). Syphilis prevalence rate was 6.9%, 7.2%, and 7.1% in the same period. The top three provinces with the highest average HIV prevalence rates over the 3 years were Guangxi (5.9%), Yunnan (4.2%), and Sichuan (1.2%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Street-based FSW are at high risk of HIV and syphilis infections. Intervention efforts need to target streetbased FSW who are of old age and minority, who use illicit drugs and have syphilis infection.</p>

Effects of task-based language teaching approach on speaking anxiety and achievements of English for nursing / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the effects of task-based language teaching approach on the speaking anxiety and achievements of spoken English for nursing.Methods Two classes of nursing majors in grade 2010 from Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities were chosen as the research respondents,among which Class one (47 students) and Class two (51 students) were set as the experimental and control class respectively.To teach spoken English for nursing,task-based language teaching approach was used in the experimental class and traditional method was used in the control class.The anxiety scale and the proficiency test of the spoken English for nursing were adopted after the experimental teaching in order to compare the significant differences between the two classes.Results The speaking anxiety level of English for nursing in the experimental class was lower than that in the control class,and there was significant difference between the two classes.The total test score of the spoken English for nursing in the experimental class was higher than that in the control class,and the total score,the scores of fluency,vocabulary and grammar in the experimental class were significantly different to those in the control class.Conclusions Task-based language teaching approach could reduce the speaking anxiety of English for nursing,and improve the nursing majors' achievements of spoken English for nursing.

Establishment of detection method for serum circulating Bmi-1 mRNA and its application in diagnosis of colorectal cancer / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To establish a direct reverse transcription real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( RT-qPCR-D ) method for detecting serum circulating B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus integration site-1 (Bmi-1) mRNA, and analyze the levels of serum circulating Bmi-1 mRNA in colorectal cancer patients by using of this method for exploring its diagnosis value in colorectal cancer.Methods Methodology establishment.RNA was extracted from colorectal cancer HT 29 cell line, and detection standard curves of Bmi-1, ubiquitin C ( UBC), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH) mRNAs were established , then the amplification efficiencies were calculated.Bmi-1 mRNA level was directly detected in serum and preparation buffer mixture , then the specificity of assay was evaluated by melting curve, and detection limit was observed through diluted serum samples.The serum circulating Bmi-1 mRNA levels were detected by ELISA in 158 cases with colorectal cancer , of which there were 26 cases of tumor node metastasis ( TNM)Ⅰstage, 53 cases of TNMⅡ, 47 cases of TNMⅢ, 32 cases of TNMⅣand 53 cases of controls with normal colonoscopy collected from January 2008 to January 2009 in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University.Comparisons of groups were determined by applying Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test, and receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) curves were established to illustrate the diagnostic performance.Results The log values of Bmi-1, UBC and GAPDH showed good linear correlations with quantification cycle (Cq) values(R2 =0.990, 0.990, 0.991, all P 0.05).ROC curve analysis showed area under the ROC curve ( AUC) for serum circulating Bmi-1 mRNA was 0.921(95%CI=0.876-0.953), which was significantly superior to the AUC of CEA (0.745, 95%CI=0.680-0.802, Z=4.697, P0.05).Conclusions The study establishes a higher sensitive, specific for detecting serum circulating Bmi-1 mRNA. Based on this method , serum circulating Bmi-1 mRNA is found to be increased in colorectal cancer , and is superior to traditional tumor marker CEA in diagnosis of colorectal cancer, which may become a potential detection index for early detection of colorectal cancer.

Comparative analyses of histological and material properties of reticular dermis derived from human, swine and rats / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Previous studies of our research group have confirmed that the texture of porcine reticular dermis at lateral ventral part is softer and has more extensibility than other parts. Therefore, it may serve as the raw material of xenogenic aceluar dermal matrix. However, its comparison with human and rat reticular dermis has not been reported systematicaly in aspects of histomorphology and material characterization. OBJECTIVE:To compare the reticular dermis from the lateral region of porcine abdomen and rat dorsal part with the reticular dermis from human in histology, biomechanics, molecular structure, thermal stability and other properties. METHODS:The reticular dermis samples were taken from adult human, the lateral region of porcine abdomen, the back of rats, for gross observation. Paraffin sections were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and sirius red staining under a light microscopy. The relevant data of micrograph were measured by imagine analysis software. These samples were also vacuum-freezing dried and rehydrated, and then their mechanical properties were tested with a electronic tensile machine to calculate the Young’s modulus. Some vacuum-freezing dried samples were powdered and detected by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and simultaneous thermal analyzer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There were no differences in colagen fiber bundle diameter of the reticular dermis from adult human and the lateral region of porcine abdomen, but the reticular dermis from the back of rats was thinner than that from adult human (P 0.05). There was no significant difference in the Young’s modulus of the three kinds of reticular dermises. Hydrogen bonds involved in the reticular dermal colagen molecules ranged as folows: rats > swine > human. Rat reticular dermis has better thermal stability than that of swine and adult human.

Analysis of anxiety status about nursing English learning and its related factors / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To study the anxiety status about nursing English learning and its related factors,and to provide references for nursing English teaching.Methods Nursing English learning anxiety scale and influencing factors of anxiety questionnaire were used to investigate 204 nursing majors among 4 medical universities in Guangxi.Results Of 204 nursing majors,mean score of anxiety was 3.124.26.5％ students were in high level,44.6％ students were in medium level,and 28.9％ students were in low level.Nursing English learning anxiety had positive relations with its related factors.The changes of Nursing English learning anxiety were significantly related with academic pressures,school and society interference,curriculum difficulty and family factors.Conclusions Nursing English learning anxiety were affected by several factors,and more helps from different aspects should be given to reduce the students' anxiety and improve the learning effectiveness.

Research in anxiety and its relationship with nursing English reading achievement / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To find out the relationship between anxiety and nursing English reading achievement,and to provide references for teaching and learning of nursing English reading among ethnic minority region.Methods Nursing English Reading Anxiety Scale and nursing English reading tests were used to collect data,and 261 nursing students were chosen randomly from one of the Medical University in Baise as the research respondents.Results Students' anxiety level of nursing English reading was high (19.9％),medium (38.9％) and low (41.2％).Anxiety and nursing English reading achievement were negatively related.The Han nationality and ethnic minority students had significantly difference in the anxiety and nursing English reading achievement.Conclusions In order to improve the effectiveness of nursing English teaching and learning,the appropriate strategies to reduce the students' anxiety should be carried out.