ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS), a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, is transmitted from mother to neonate via placenta or during birth. Biofilm formation is an important factor in GBS pathogenesis. This study aimed to determine effects of pH, different culture media and nutritional composition on in vitro biofilm forming ability of GBS isolated from pregnant women. Methods: A total of 30 confirmed isolates of GBS from pregnant women were tested for biofilm formation in Todd Hewitt Broth (THB) at pH 4.5,6 and 7. Ten of these isolates were tested for biofilm formation in growth media THB, brain heart infusion broth, tryptic soy broth, Mueller Hinton broth and nutrient broth. Further they were tested for influence of glucose on biofilm formation using crystal violet and MTT assay. Results: Of 30 GBS isolates strong biofilm formation (SBF) was observed at pH 7 in 56.6 %(n=17) while 36.6%(n=11) isolates showed weak biofilm formation (WBF). At pH 4.5, 43.3% (n=13) were non biofilm formers. In THB without glucose, all 10 isolates were SBF while THB with 1% glucose, 3(30%) isolates were SBF, 5(50%) isolates were moderate biofilm producers and 2(20%) isolates were WBF. Ten isolates tested in 5 types of growth media did not show statistically significant difference in biofilm forming ability. Conclusion: All tested vaginal GBS isolates were able to produce biofilms, maximum biofilm formation of GBS was at pH 7.0. and pH 4.5 is not favorable, thus in normal vaginal pH (3.5 - 4.5), GBS finds it difficult to grow biofilms.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly being used in medical applications. Therefore, cost effective and green methods for generating AgNPs are required. OBJECTIVES This study aimed towards the biosynthesis, characterisation, and determination of antimicrobial activity of AgNPs produced using Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. METHODS Culture conditions (AgNO3 concentration, pH, and incubation temperature and time) were optimized to achieve maximum AgNP production. The characterisation of AgNPs and their stability were evaluated by UV-visible spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy. FINDINGS The characteristic UV-visible absorbance peak was observed in the 420-430 nm range. Most of the particles were spherical in shape within a size range of 33-300 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited higher stability than that exhibited by chemically synthesized AgNPs in the presence of electrolytes. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Candida albicans. MAIN CONCLUSION As compared to the tested Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria required higher contact time to achieve 100% reduction of colony forming units when treated with biosynthesized AgNPs produced using P. aeruginosa.