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Objective To assess the health risks of fluoride in drinking water in rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating measures to prevent fluoride and improve water quality. Methods The drinking water of rural schools in Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi Province was monitored from 2017 to 2020. The fluoride concentration was evaluated in accordance with the “Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water” (GB5749-2006). The health risk assessment method recommended by USEPA was used to assess the health risk of rural students exposed to fluoride through drinking water in the two regions. Results A total of 2 826 water samples were monitored from 2017 to 2020. The overall compliance rate of fluoride in water quality was 92.29%, with an average concentration of 0.500 mg/L. The non-carcinogenic health risk of fluoride in drinking water in rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas was 0.05). In the same age group, the non-carcinogenic health risk of fluoride in groundwater was higher than that in surface water (P sedimentation filtration > conventional treatment > untreated (P < 0.05). Conclusion The non-carcinogenic risk of oral intake of fluoride in drinking water from rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province is still at an acceptable level. In the future, it is necessary to continue to promote comprehensive prevention and treatment measures focusing on water improvement and fluoride reduction.
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Objective:To evaluate the health risk of fluoride in rural drinking water in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis(referred to as drinking-water-borne fluorosis) areas of Shaanxi Province, and to provide scientific basis for the formulation of water improvement and fluoride reduction measures.Methods:The fluoride monitoring results of rural drinking water in Guanzhong Plain and Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi in drinking-water-borne fluorosis areas of Shaanxi Province in 2020 were collected from the "National Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Monitoring Information System". Using the health risk assessment method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the level of fluoride exposure of adults in fluorosis areas through drinking water was evaluated, and the health risk value was calculated.Results:A total of 4 342 rural drinking water samples from drinking-water-borne fluorosis areas were monitored. The overall compliance rate of fluoride in water quality was 95.39% (4 142/4 342), and the fluoride content median was 0.470 mg/L; the health risk value was 0.368, and the non-carcinogenic risk was low. A total of 200 water samples with fluoride exceeding the standard were detected, and the fluoride content median was 1.450 mg/L; the health risk value of the fluoride excess water samples was 1.135, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk. There were significant differences in fluoride content in rural drinking water between different regions, water sources and treatment methods ( H = - 7.73, - 7.60, 34.40, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride exposure of adults in drinking-water-borne fluorosis areas through drinking water in Shaanxi Province is relatively low, and the non-carcinogenic risk caused by water samples with excessive fluoride is relatively high. In the future, it is necessary to continue to promote the comprehensive prevention and control measures focusing on improving water and reducing fluoride.
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Objective To understand the status and dynamic changes in the treatment of rural garbage and sewage in Shaanxi Province and provide the basis for relevant departments to formulate policies and measures. Methods Every year from 2016 to 2018, 600 administrative villages in 30 agricultural counties were randomly selected as monitoring points, and 3 000 households were selected as monitoring households. Monitoring data was obtained through data reading, interviews, and on-site observations. Results The three-year rural population coverage rate of the garbage treatment plant was 28.31%, 36.10%, 39.36%, respectively, and the sewage treatment plant coverage rate was 12.27%, 20.39%, 15.02%, respectively. The annual differences were statistically significant（χ2=23.24、22.42，P=0.00）. The proportion of monitoring points for the three-year unified collection of domestic garbage was 30.50%, 43.67%, 51.00%, respectively, and the percentage of monitoring points for incineration garbage was 16.67%, 15.00%, 8.33%, respectively, and the annual differences were statistically significant（χ2=53.25、20.19，P=0.00）. The proportion of domestic sewage discharge monitoring points through pipelines was 12.67%, 11.17%, 31.17%, respectively, and the proportion of monitoring points discharged into treatment plants was 4.33%, 6.00%, 15.17%, respectively, and the annual differences were both statistically significant（χ2=99.45、52.50，P=0.00）. Conclusion In recent years, the rural garbage and sewage treatment situation in Shaanxi Province had improved, but there was still much room for improvement. It is recommended to increase environmental protection publicity and government investment, strengthen daily supervision, pay equal attention to construction and management, control the random stacking and discharging of garbage and sewage, and enhance the disposal rate of garbage and sewage.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of Clostridium perfringens combined with live bacteria therapy on intestinal flora, inflammation and immune indicators in children with pneumonia and antibiotic associated diarrhea.Methods:From December 2016 to October 2019, 44 neonates with pneumonia and antibiotic associated diarrhea diagnosed and treated in the Sixth People's Hospital of Datong were selected in the study, and they were divided into control group and observation group according to the random number table method, with 22 cases in each group.On the basis of routine symptomatic treatment, the control group was treated by oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii, and the observation group was treated with Clostridium perfringens combined with live bacteria powder.The treatment course was two weeks.The intestinal flora, inflammatory factors and immune function of the two groups were compared.Results:There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α between the two groups before treatment(all P>0.05), and the levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in the two groups after treatment were significantly improved(all P<0.05). The levels of IL-2[(34.20±8.55)ng/L vs.(40.13±10.32)ng/L], IL-6[(21.02±5.66)ng/L vs.(31.25±7.82)ng/L] and TNF-α[(30.10±6.20)ng/L vs.(43.55±9.52)ng/L] in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group( t=7.501, 6.885, 8.264, all P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium in the two groups before treatmentt(all P>0.05), and the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium in the two groups after treatment increased significantly(all P<0.05). The number of Lactobacillus[(9.50±0.53)×10 8 CFU/mL vs.(8.95±0.44)×10 8 CFU/mL], Bifidobacterium[(10.60±0.53)×10 8 CFU/mL vs.(9.90±0.46)×10 8 CFU/mL] and Eubacterium[(8.93±0.68)×10 8 CFU/mL vs.(8.08±0.40)×10 8 CFU/mL] in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group( t=5.065, 6.547, 5.116, all P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of CD 3+ , CD 4+ , CD 8+ and CD 4+ /CD 8+ between the two groups before treatment(all P>0.05), and the levels of CD 3+ , CD 4+ , CD 8+ and CD 4+ /CD 8+ in the two groups after treatment were significantly improved(all P<0.05). The levels of CD 3+ [(62.55±5.06)% vs.(57.12±4.39)%], CD 4+ [(40.52±3.52)% vs.(36.43±2.55)%], CD 4+ /CD 8+ [(1.78±0.22) vs.(1.43±0.13)] in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group( t=7.504, 6.958, 5.452, all P<0.05). The level of CD 8+ [(21.22±2.05)% vs.(25.44±2.49)%] in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group( t=5.112, P<0.05). Conclusion:Clostridium perfringens combined with live bacteria in the treatment of neonatal pneumonia with antibiotic associated diarrhea can improve intestinal flora, reduce inflammatory response and improve immune function, and the effect is better.
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Objective To analyze the change in trends and existing problems of the water quality testing capabilities of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in different cities and counties (districts) in Shaanxi Province from 2017 to 2019, and to provide references for laboratory capacity building. Methods A unified questionnaire was developed to investigate the water quality testing ability of all CDCs in different regions of Shaanxi Province, and the data were reported through the “National Drinking Water Quality Inspection Information System”. Results From 2017 to 2019, in the testing of conventional indicators, the average number detected by the municipal CDCs was 37, 37, and 38, respectively, and all of them passed the measurement certification/laboratory accreditation. The average number detected by the county (district) CDCs was 30, 29, and 30, respectively, and only 65.14% of the county (district) CDCs passed the measurement certification/laboratory accreditation. In the testing of unconventional indicators, the average detectable number by city-level CDCs was 3, 5, and 4, respectively, while the average detectable number by county (district)-level CDCs was at most 1 item. There was no statistically significant difference in the average detection ability of CDCs at the city and county (district) levels in different regions in the same year (P>0.05); there was no significant difference in the average detection ability of CDCs at the city and county (district) levels in the same region in different years (P>0.05). Conclusion There is no difference in the CDC water quality testing level in different regions of Shaanxi Province, and the testing capacity needs to be further improved. It is recommended that the government should increase funding for disease control institutions, optimize the allocation of equipment and strengthen the construction of professional teams.