Impacto da técnica de dissecção/ reentrada anterógrada nas intervenções coronárias percutâneas para oclusão crônica: registro LATAM Chronic Total Occlusion / Impact of antegrade dissection and re-entry technique on coronary percutaneous interventions for chronic total occlusion: the LATAM Chronic Total Occlusion registry

Introdução: As mais novas técnicas de intervenção coronária percutânea em oclusões crônicas podem melhorar o sucesso técnico. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a segurança e a eficácia da técnica de dissecção/reentrada anterógrada como estratégia inicial de revascularização. Métodos: Registro multicêntrico de países latino-americanos (LATAM Chronic Total Occlusion). Analisamos as características iniciais e os desfechos dos casos em que foi empregada dissecção/ reentrada anterógrada como estratégia primária ou de resgate após escalonamento de fios por via anterógrada. Foram excluídos os casos de abordagem retrógrada. Os médicos usaram dissecção anterógrada convencional e técnica de reentrada. Resultados: Dos 1.875 pacientes analisados, em 50 foi planejada a dissecção/reentrada anterógrada, e, em 1.825, foi planejado o escalonamento de fios por via anterógrada primário. Deu-se preferência à dissecção/reentrada anterógrada em pacientes mais idosos e com história de revascularização (revascularização do miocárdio: dissecção/ reentrada anterógrada em 33,3% e escalonamento de fios por via anterógrada primário em 13,4%, com p<0,001; intervenções coronárias percutâneas em 66,6 e 48,8%, respectivamente, com p=0,012). Oclusões crônicas mais longas (30mm [22-41] e 21mm [15-30], p<0,001) e calcificações moderadas ou graves (62 e 42,6%, com p=0,008) foram associadas à seleção da dissecção/reentrada anterógrada primária, ao invés do escalonamento de fios por via anterógrada primário. Houve correlação significativa entre o aumento do escore J-CTO (X2=37, df=5; p<0,001) e o uso da dissecção/ reentrada anterógrada. O escalonamento de fios por via anterógrada primário teve taxa de sucesso de 88,4%, e a dissecção/reentrada anterógrada, de 76,7%. Para o escalonamento de fios por via anterógrada primário e dissecção/reentrada anterógrada de resgate, o uso do dispositivo CrossBoss® foi relacionado às maiores taxas de sucesso (92,3 e 82,7%, respectivamente). Os desfechos a curto prazo foram semelhantes nos grupos. Conclusão: Na América Latina, a técnica de dissecção/ reentrada anterógrada foi segura e efetiva, tanto como estratégia primária quanto de resgate, mesmo quando utilizada em lesões de maior complexidade. O uso de dispositivos específicos foi relacionado a uma maior taxa de sucesso.

Background: The newest techniques of percutaneous coronary interventions for chronic total occlusion may improve technical success. The objectives were to describe safety and efficacy of antegrade dissection and reentry technique as initial revascularization strategy. Methods: A multicenter registry from Latin American countries (LATAM Chronic Total Occlusion). Baseline characteristics and outcomes of cases using antegrade dissection and reentry as primary strategy or bailout of antegrade wire escalation were analyzed. Retrograde approach cases were excluded. Physicians used conventional antegrade dissection and reentry technique. Results: Out of 1,875 patients analyzed, 50 were planned primary antegrade dissection and reentry and 1,825 planned primary antegrade wire escalation. Primary antegrade dissection and reentry was preferred in older patients, with a history of revascularization (coronary artery bypass graft: primary antegrade dissection and reentry in 33.3% and primary antegrade wire escalation in 13.4%; p<0.001; percutaneous coronary interventions in 66.6% and 48.8%, respectively; p=0.012). Longer chronic total occlusions (30mm [22-41] and 21mm [15-30]; p<0.001), moderate or severe calcification (62% and 42.6%; p=0.008) were associated with the selection of primary antegrade dissection and reentry, instead of primary antegrade wire escalation. There was a significant correlation between increasing J-CTO score (X2=37, df=5; p<0.001), and use of primary antegrade dissection and reentry. Primary antegrade wire escalation had a success rate of 88.4%, and primary antegrade dissection and reentry of 76.7%. For primary antegrade wire escalation and bailout antegrade dissection and reentry, the use of the CrossBoss® device was related to the highest rates of success (92.3 and 82.7%, respectively). Short-term outcomes were similar in both groups. Conclusion: In Latin America, antegrade dissection and reentry was safe and effective, both as primary or bailout strategy, even when used for higher complexity lesions. The use of dedicated devices was related to a higher success rate.

Impacto de la técnica de Cusp-Overlap en el requerimiento de marcapasos luego de un implante valvular aórtico percutáneo / Impact of Cusp-Overlap Technique on Pacemaker Requirement after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

RESUMEN Introducción: Las bradiarritmias persistentes que requieren el implante de un marcapasos definitivo son una complicación frecuente tras el implante valvular aórtico percutáneo (IVAP), pero un implante alto con técnica Cusp-Overlap podría evitar las alteraciones del sistema de conducción. Objetivo: El objetivo fue determinar la tasa de uso de marcapasos en pacientes que recibieron IVAP con la técnica convencional coplanar en comparación con Cusp-Overlap. Material y métodos: Entre 2017 y 2019 se analizaron 65 pacientes consecutivos de dos centros, que recibieron válvulas EvolutR o Evolut-Pro: 50 implante coplanar y 15 Cusp-Overlap. Resultados: La edad promedio era 80 años y no hubo diferencias en el riesgo por puntaje EuroSCORE. Los procedimientos con la técnica de Cusp-Overlap presentaron 0% de requerimiento de marcapasos en comparación con 24,9% en el implante convencional (p = 0,041). También hubo menos complicaciones mayores (6,67% vs 42%; OR = 0,09; IC 95% 0,01-0,8; p = 0,011). Conclusiones: En esta cohorte el IVAP con la técnica de Cusp-Overlap se asoció con una necesidad de marcapasos nula. Dado el potencial impacto a gran escala se necesita validar externamente los resultados obtenidos.

ABSTRACT Background: Persistent bradyarrhythmias requiring permanent pacemaker implantation are a common complication after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), but high implantation with cusp-overlap technique could prevent conduction system disturbances. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the rate of pacemaker use in patients who received TAVI with conventional coplanar technique compared with cusp-overlap technique. Methods: A total of 65 consecutive patients from two centers receiving Evolut-R or Evolut-Pro valve implantation, 50 coplanar and 15 cusp-overlap, were analyzed between 2017 and 2019. Results: Mean age was 80 years, and there were no differences in risk according to the EuroSCORE. The rate of pacemaker requirement was 0% in cusp-overlap procedures compared with 24.9% in those with conventional implantation; p=0.041). In addition, cusp-overlap implants presented lower rate of major complications (6.67% vs. 42%; OR=0.09; 95% CI 0.01-0.8; p=0.011). Conclusions: In this cohort, TAVI procedure with cusp-overlap technique was associated with null pacemaker requirement. Given the potential large-scale impact, external validation of results is needed.

Tratamiento antiagregante guiado por pruebas de función plaquetaria en pacientes sometidos a angioplastia coronaria exitosa / Antiplatelet Therapy Guided by Platelet Function Testing after Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Antiplatelet Therapy Guided by Platelet Function testing after Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Background

Introducción El tratamiento antiagregante dual con aspirina y clopidogrel constituye un tratamiento esencial para la prevención de eventos isquémicos en pacientes sometidos a angioplastia transluminal coronaria (ATC). Sin embargo, existe alta variabilidad interpaciente en la respuesta al clopidogrel, condicionando la falla en su efecto terapéutico, que se manifiesta como hiperreactividad plaquetaria residual (HPR). El prasugrel podría reducir este estado protrombótico. Objetivos 1) Estudiar la respuesta antiagregante en pacientes sometidos a ATC exitosa pretratados con clopidogrel o prasugrel y 2) evaluar la respuesta a una carga de prasugrel en pacientes con HPR bajo tratamiento con clopidogrel. Material y métodos Se incluyeron en forma prospectiva y consecutiva 83 pacientes sin riesgo hemorrágico alto sometidos a ATC exitosa bajo tratamiento antiagregante dual: aspirina más clopidogrel (600 mg de carga o mantenimiento de 75 mg/día por más de 7 días; n = 42) o prasugrel (60 mg de carga o mantenimiento de 10 mg/día por más de 7 días, n = 41). La selección de la tienopiridina quedó a cargo del médico tratante. La función plaquetaria se evaluó a las 12-24 horas pos-ATC con el método VerifyNow®. Se definió HPR a la presencia de ≥ 230 unidades de reactividad plaquetaria (URP). Los pacientes con HPR recibieron una dosis de carga de prasugrel de 60 mg y se repitió la evaluación de la función plaquetaria a las 2 horas. Resultados No hubo diferencias significativas en las características basales de ambos grupos. A las 12-24 horas pos-ATC, los pacientes tratados con prasugrel presentaron menos URP en comparación con el grupo clopidogrel [mediana 49 (9-78) vs. 160 (82-224); p < 0,001]. Se observó HPR en el 24% de los pacientes del grupo clopidogrel y cero en el grupo prasugrel (p < 0,001). Todos los pacientes con HPR bajo tratamiento con clopidogrel lograron corregirla luego de la carga de prasugrel. Conclusiones En pacientes sometidos a ATC exitosa, el tratamiento con prasugrel logró una mayor inhibición de la agregación plaquetaria (IAP) en comparación con la administración de clopidogrel. Por su parte, los pacientes con HPR bajo tratamiento con clopidogrel lograron alcanzar una IAP óptima con la administración adicional de prasugrel.

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is an essential treatment to prevent ischemic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, a significant interindividual variability exists in response to clopidogrel treatment, which is responsible for failure in the therapeutic effect and in the development of high residual platelet reactivity (HRPR). Prasugrel could reduce this prothrombotic state. Objectives To evaluate: 1) the antiaggregant response in clopidogrel or prasugrel pretreated patients undergoing successful PCI, and 2) the response to prasugrel loading in patients with low residual platelet reactivity on clopidogrel therapy. Material and Methods Eighty three patients were prospectively included in the study. They underwent successful PCI under dual antiplatelet therapy: aspirin plus clopidogrel (600 mg loading dose or a maintenance dose of 75 mg for more than 7 days; n=42) or prasugrel (60 mg loading dose or a maintenance dose of 10 mg for more than 7 days; n=41). The selection of thienopyridine was left at the discretion of the treating physician. Patients with high hemorrhagic risk were excluded. Platelet function was tested 12-24 hours after PCI with the VerifyNowTM P2Y12 Assay. High residual platelet reactivity (HRPR) was defined as P2Y12-reaction units (PRU) ≥ 230. In case of HRPR, patients received a loading dose of prasugrel 60 mg and platelet function was reassessed 2 hours later. Results Baseline characteristics did not differ in patients who initially received clopidogrel or prasugrel. At 12-24 hours post PCI, patients treated with prasugrel presented significantly less PRU compared with the clopidogrel cohort (median 49 (9-78) vs. 160 (82-224); p < 0.001). HRPR was observed in 24% of patients in the clopidogrel group and in no patients in the prasugrel cohort (p < 0.001). All patients with HRPR on clopidogrel treatment corrected this value after the loading dose of prasugrel. Conclusions After successful PCI, prasugrel administration achieved greater platelet inhibition compared to clopidogrel. Moreover, in patients with high-on treatment platelet reactivity with clopidogrel, optimal platelet inhibition was accomplished by additional prasugrel administration.

Cierre percutáneo de la orejuela izquierda para prevención de tromboembolia en la fibrilación auricular / Percutaneous closure of left atrial appendage to prevent thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation

El accidente vascular encefálico embólico constituye la complicación más importante de la fibrilación auricular (FA) y el tratamiento anticoagulante es de elección para su prevención. Alrededor del 20% de los pacientes con FA presentan contraindicaciones de anticoagulación (ACO). La orejuela izquierda (OI) se ha identificado como el principal sitio de formación de trombos en la FA, especialmente en pacientes sin enfermedad valvular y sin deterioro de la función ventricular. La oclusión de la OI reduce la incidencia de eventos embólicos en este tipo de pacientes. En esta presentación se describe un caso de cierre percutáneo de la OI, con empleo del dispositivo Amplatzer Cardiac Plug. El paciente tenía riesgo embólico alto y contraindicación absoluta de ACO. El procedimiento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Hemodinamia, bajo guía radioscópica y ecocardiografía transesofágica, con anestesia general; se logró la oclusión completa de la OI. No se presentaron complicaciones durante el procedimiento y luego de un seguimiento de 3 meses, la OI se encuentra totalmente excluida y no se han evidenciado eventos embólicos.

Percutaneous closure of left atrial appendage to prevent thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation Embolic stroke is a major concern in atrial fibrillation (AF), and anticoagulation is the therapy of choice to prevent it. Around 20% of patients with AF have contraindications for anticoagulation (OAC). The left atrial appendage (LAA) has been identified as the most common place of thrombosis in patients with AF, particularly in those with non-valvular AF or impaired ventricular function. LAA occlusion reduces the incidence of embolic events in these patients. This article describes a case of percutaneous closure of LAA with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug device. The patient was at high risk of embolism and had absolute contraindication for OAC. The procedure was performed at the cardiac catheterization laboratory under fluoroscopic guidance and transesophageal echocardiography, with general anesthesia; complete closure of the LAA was achieved. During the procedure, no complications were reported. The patient remained event-free at three-month follow-up, with complete exclusion of LAA. No embolic events have been reported.

Cierre percutáneo de fuga paravalvular mitral / Percutaneous Closure of Mitral Paravalvular Leak / Percutaneous Closure of Mitral Paravalvular Leak

El desarrollo de fuga paravalvular (FPV) luego del reemplazo valvular mitral es un fenómeno poco frecuente pero de gran repercusión sintomática. Debido a la elevada morbimortalidad de su abordaje quirúrgico se han intentado varias técnicas percutáneas con una tasa éxito que varía entre el 60% y el 90%. En esta presentación se describe el caso de una paciente joven, con múltiples cirugías valvulares mitrales previas, sintomática por disnea limitante y anemia hemolítica. Con el uso de imágenes ecocardiográficas tridimensionales, se realizó la oclusión de la FPV con un dispositivo Amplatzer III, diseñado específicamente para dicha indicación. Luego de un seguimiento de 3 meses, la FPV permanece totalmente excluida y la paciente se encuentra asintomática.

The development of mitral paravalvular leak (PVL) after mitral valve replacement is an uncommon complication with severe symptoms. The surgical repair of this condition has high morbidity and mortality; for this reason, several percutaneous techniques have been attempted with success rates between 60% and 90%. We describe the case of a young female patient with multiple mitral valve surgeries, who presented limiting dyspnea and hemolytic anemia. The PVL was closed using a specially designed Amplatzer III device under three-dimensional echocardiography. After 3 months of follow-up, the PVL remains completely excluded and the patient is asymptomatic.