ABSTRACT
Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the local fauna of Hymenoptera parasitoids associated with Lepidoptera larvae in areas of reforestation and agrosilvopastoral systems at Fazenda Canchim (Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, SP, Brazil). Lepidoptera larvae collected with entomological umbrella were kept in the laboratory until emergence of adults or their parasitoids. From those collected in the agrosilvopastoral system, emerged 267 specimens of hymenopteran parasitoids belonging to 16 genera: Braconidae, Agathidinae (Alabagrus), Braconinae (Bracon), Microgastrinae (Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Glyptapanteles, Pholetesor and Protapanteles), Orgilinae (Orgilus); Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae (Casinaria, Charops and Microcharops); Chalcididae, Chalcidinae (Brachymeria and Conura); Eulophidae, Entedoninae (Horismenus), Eulophinae (Elachertus and Euplectrus). From the Lepidoptera larvae collected in the reforestation, emerged 68 specimens of hymenopteran parasitoids, belonging to 8 genera: Chalcididae, Chalcidinae (Conura); Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae (Neotheronia), Campopleginae (Charops and Microcharops) and Braconidae, Microgastrinae (Apanteles, Diolcogaster, Distatrix, Glyptapanteles and Protapanteles). The results of this study suggest the occurrence of a wide variety of Hymenoptera parasitoids in the studied environments.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a fauna local de Hymenoptera parasitoides associados a larvas de Lepidoptera em área de reflorestamento (corredor ecológico) e de sistema agrossilvipastoril na Fazenda Canchim (Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, SP, Brasil). Larvas de Lepidoptera coletadas com guarda-chuva entomológico foram mantidas em laboratório até a emergência dos adultos ou de seus parasitoides. Daquelas coletadas no sistema agrossilvipastoril emergiram 267 espécimes de himenópteros parasitoides, pertencentes a 16 gêneros: Braconidae, Agathidinae (Alabagrus), Braconinae (Bracon), Microgastrinae (Cotesia, Diolcogaster, Glyptapanteles, Pholetesor e Protapanteles), Orgilinae (Orgilus); Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae (Casinaria, Charops e Microcharops); Chalcididae, Chalcidinae (Brachymeria e Conura); Eulophidae, Entedoninae (Horismenus), Eulophinae (Elachertus e Euplectrus). No reflorestamento emergiram 68 espécimes de himenópteros parasitoides, pertencentes a 8 gêneros: Chalcididae, Chalcidinae (Conura); Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae (Neotheronia), Campopleginae (Charops e Microcharops); Braconidae, Microgastrinae (Apanteles, Diolcogaster, Glyptapanteles e Protapanteles). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os ambientes estudados abrigam grande diversidade de Hymenoptera parasitoides.
Subject(s)
Animals , Lepidoptera/parasitology , Wasps/physiology , Agriculture , Brazil , Environment , Forestry , Host-Parasite Interactions , Larva/growth & development , Larva/parasitology , Larva/physiology , Lepidoptera/growth & development , Pupa/growth & development , Pupa/parasitology , Pupa/physiology , Wasps/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Changes in visual function beyond high-contrast acuity are known to take place during normal aging. We determined whether sensitivity to linear sine-wave gratings and to an elementary stimulus preferentially processed in extrastriate areas could be distinctively affected by aging. We measured spatial contrast sensitivity twice for concentric polar (Bessel) and vertical linear gratings of 0.6, 2.5, 5, and 20 cycles per degree (cpd) in two age groups (20-30 and 60-70 years). All participants were free of identifiable ocular disease and had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. Participants were more sensitive to Cartesian than to polar gratings in all frequencies tested, and the younger adult group was more sensitive to all stimuli tested. Significant differences between sensitivities of the two groups were found for linear (only 20 cpd; P<0.01) and polar gratings (all frequencies tested; P<0.01). The young adult group was significantly more sensitive to linear than to circular gratings in the 20 cpd frequency. The older adult group was significantly more sensitive to linear than to circular gratings in all spatial frequencies, except in the 20 cpd frequency. The results suggest that sensitivity to the two kinds of stimuli is affected differently by aging. We suggest that neural changes in the aging brain are important determinants of this difference and discuss the results according to current models of human aging.