ABSTRACT
Resumo Contexto O questionário Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study - Quality of Life/Symptom (VEINES-QOL/Sym) foi desenvolvido para avaliar a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com insuficiência venosa crônica (IVC), mas ele tem se mostrado pouco sensível em discriminar indivíduos com diferentes gravidades da doença. Objetivos a) Propor uma nova forma de cálculo do escore do VEINES-QOL/Sym e avaliar se esse novo escore é capaz de discriminar a gravidade da doença; b) Avaliar a associação entre o VEINES-QOL/Sym e a gravidade da doença. Métodos Noventa e oito participantes com IVC, de ambos os sexos, idade 60,73 ± 14,11 anos, responderam o questionário VEINES-QOL/Sym, versão português do Brasil. Para o cálculo do novo escore, foi realizada uma transformação dos escores originais para uma escala de 0 a 100. Para verificar a capacidade dos escores do VEINES-QOL/Sym, originais e modificados, em discriminar e classificar corretamente os grupos caracterizados pela classificação clínica, etiológica, anatômica e patofisiológica (CEAP), foi realizada a análise discriminante, sendo considerado significante um alfa de 5%. Resultados Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos classificados pela CEAP quanto aos escores originais e modificados do VEINES-QOL/Sym. A análise discriminante também não foi capaz de classificar corretamente os grupos CEAP, tanto para os escores originais quanto para os escores modificados do VEINES-QOL/Sym. Além disso, não houve associação entre a classificação CEAP e os escores obtidos pelo questionário. Conclusões O VEINES-QOL/Sym mostrou-se limitado para avaliar qualidade de vida e sintomatologia dos indivíduos com diferentes estágios de IVC.
Abstract Background The Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study - Quality of Life/Symptoms (VEINES-QOL / Sym) questionnaire was developed to evaluate the quality of life of individuals with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), but it has shown limited sensitivity for discriminating between people with different of disease severity. Objectives a) to propose a new formula for calculating the VEINES-QOL/Sym score and to evaluate whether this new score is capable of discriminating disease severity; and b) to evaluate the association between VEINES-QOL/Sym scores and disease severity. Methods Ninety-eight participants with CVI of both sexes, aged 60.73 ± 14.11 years, answered the Portuguese Brazilian version of the VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire. The new score was calculated by transforming the original scores to a 0 to 100 scale. Discriminant analysis was used to test the capability of the original and modified VEINES-QOL/Sym scores to discriminate between and correctly classify groups characterized by the clinical, etiological, anatomical and pathophysiological classification (CEAP). Alpha of 5% was defined as the cutoff for significance. Results There were no significant differences between CEAP groups in terms of the original or modified VEINES-QOL/Sym scores. Discriminant analysis was also unable to correctly classify CEAP groups, using either original or modified scores. Furthermore, there were no associations between CEAP classifications and scores obtained using the questionnaire. Conclusions The VEINES-QOL/Sym proved to have limitations for assessment of the quality of life and symptomatology of people with CVI at different stages.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Quality of Life , Venous Insufficiency/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Chronic Disease , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Background: Walking is one of the most commonly recommended activities for sedentary individuals. When performed at the correct intensity, it can provide cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, and other benefits by providing a training effect in addition to reducing the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and other chronic health conditions. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to assess whether individuals who practiced regular unsupervised walking carry out the activity safely and with sufficient effort intensity parameters to have a positive physiological (training) effect. The secondary objective was to compare the training heart rate (HR) and the stability of the HR within the ideal range of training between the sexes. Method: Individuals were selected from walking tracks within the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The study included subjects from 40 to 60 years of age who had practiced walking for at least two months prior to the study, walking at least three times a week. Individuals who agreed to participate in the survey were asked to walk 15 minutes at their usual pace with their HR measured every 5 minutes using a heart rate monitor. Their average walking HR was compared to the average training HR based on the formula: (220 - age) × 70 to 80% that would result in a positive physiological training effect. Results: Of the 142 individuals evaluated, 25.4% achieved the average training HR. This result was significantly lower than those who did not achieve the average training HR while walking (p=0.002). There were significant differences between men and women who had reached the training HR (p=0.0001). Conclusion: The authors found that individuals who walk regularly performed outside the range of the ideal HR intensity that would cause a positive physiological effect and therefore would probably not achieve a beneficial training effect while walking.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Walking , Exercise Therapy/standards , Heart Rate/physiology , Brazil , Exercise Therapy/methodsABSTRACT
It has been shown previously that the laticifer fluid of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. is highly toxic to the egg hatching and larval development of Aedes aegypti L. In the present study, the larvicidal potential of other laticifer fluids obtained from Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br., Plumeria rubra L. and Euphorbia tirucalli L. was evaluated. We attempted to correlate larvicidal activity with the presence of endogenous proteolytic activity in the protein fraction of the fluids. After collection, the fluids were processed by centrifugation and dialysis to obtain the soluble laticifer protein (LP) fractions and eliminate water insoluble and low molecular mass molecules. LP did not visibly affect egg hatching at the doses assayed. LP from Cr. grandiflora exhibited the highest larval toxicity, while P. rubra was almost inactive. E. tirucalli was slightly active, but its activity could not be correlated to proteins since no protein was detected in the fluid. The larvicidal effects of LP from C. procera and Cr. grandiflora showed a significant relationship with the proteolytic activity of cysteine proteinases, which are present in both materials. A purified cysteine proteinase (papain) from the latex of Carica papaya (obtained from Sigma) was similarly effective, whereas trypsin and chymotrypsin (both serine proteinases) were ineffective. The results provide evidence for the involvement of cysteine proteinase activity in the larvicidal action of some laticifer fluids. C. procera is an invasive species found in areas infested with Ae. aegypti and thus could prove useful for combating mosquito proliferation. This is the first report to present evidence for the use of proteolytic enzymes as chemical agents to destroy Ae. aegypti larvae.