ABSTRACT
The diagnosis and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have evolved dramatically over the past decade. Biomarkers play an important role in the diagnosis of ACS, especially in unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Among these, cardiac troponin and creatine kinase appear to be the most sensitive and specific markers of myocardial injury. Recent studies have revealed several novel biomarkers. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 are strong independent markers of increased mortality among patients with ACS. However, the ideal biomarkers that offer early detection, risk stratification, selection of therapy, monitoring disease progression, and treatment efficacy remain to be elucidated. This review assesses limitations and contemporary needs for biomarkers in the context of diagnosis of ACS. It also discusses the newly developing technologies for novel biomarkers or novel biomarker protein signatures discovery, and importance of point-of-care testing for future management.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acute Coronary Syndrome , Blood , Pathology , Biomarkers , Blood , Creatine Kinase , Blood , Electrocardiography , Myoglobin , Blood , Necrosis , Blood , Oxidative Stress , Platelet Activation , Troponin I , Blood , Troponin T , BloodABSTRACT
<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>A retrospective case series of acute anterior myocardial infarction (MI) patients complicated by complete atrioventricular block (AVB) treated with acute percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).</p><p><b>CLINICAL PICTURE</b>Eight patients with anterior MI and complete AVB underwent acute PTCA between 2000 and 2005. Mean onset of complete AVB was 16.6 +/- 16.9 hours from chest pain onset.</p><p><b>TREATMENT</b>All patients underwent successful PTCA to the left anterior descending artery.</p><p><b>OUTCOME</b>Complete AVB resolved with PTCA in 88%; mean time of resolution was 89 +/- 144 minutes after revascularisation. One patient had permanent pacemaker implanted at Day 12 after developing an 8-second ventricular standstill during hospitalisation but not pacing-dependent on follow-up. The rhythm on discharge for the other surviving patients was normal sinus rhythm.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This case series suggests that complete AVB complicating anterior MI is reversible with acute PTCA and survivors are not at increased risk of recurrent AVB. Nevertheless, this condition is associated with extensive myocardial damage and high mortality during the acute hospitalisation was not improved with correction of AVB with temporary pacing.</p>