Anemia, hiponatremia, hipoalbuminemia y déficit de vitamina K como factores de riesgo para osteoporosis / Anemia, hyponatremia, hypoalbuminemia and vitamin k deficit as risk factors for osteoporosis

La Osteoporosis es un síndrome altamente prevalente en la población mayor, tanto la que ha sufrido fracturas como la que no. Aunque con frecuencia se le relaciona con la menopausia, existen varios otros elementos involucrados en su génesis. Estos frecuentemente coexisten en diversa proporción y son, por lo general, oligosintomáticos o generan signosintomatología muy inespecífica. Esto hace que su diagnóstico y tratamiento se retrase u omita, aumentando el riesgo de caídas y fracturas, y dificultando los procesos de consolidación ósea. Aunque su nivel de evidencia es aún diverso, frecuentemente son hallados cuando se implementa su búsqueda en pacientes mayores fracturados. Por lo que, con independencia de si su relación con la osteoporosis es o no significativa, conviene buscarlos y manejarlos por el riesgo que constituyen por sí mismos. En esta revisión nos referiremos a cuatro de estas condiciones: Hipoalbuminemia, hiponatremia, anemia y deficiencia de vitamina K.

Osteoporosis is very prevalent in the aged and is seen in both those who have suffered fractures and those who have not. Frequently related to the menopause, there are other elements involved in its pathogenesis. These frequently co-exist and are, generally, oligo-symptomatic or have non-specific symptomatology. This causes delays or omissions in their diagnosis and treatment, thereby increasing the risk of falls and fractures and interfering with bone consolidation. Although their evidence levels are diverse, these factors are frequently to be found once directly looked for in the aged fracture patient. Therefore, even though their relation to the osteoporosis may not be significant, it is best to test for them and treat them for the risk they present. In this review we look at four of these conditions: hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia, anemia and vitamin K deficiency

Essential concepts in clinical epidemiology for pediatric practice.

Providing the best possible health care requires the integration of individual clinical experience with external clinical information, often derived from published research papers. This article reviews several important concepts in clinical epidemiology that should help the pediatric clinician become a more active and critical reader. Among the basic concepts reviewed are measurement of disease occurrence, relative risk, and screening within the context of the pediatric practice.