ABSTRACT
A retrospective cohort of registered breast cancer patients at the National Cancer Institute of Thailand in 2004 was investigated to explore the association of prognostic factors with the probability of distant metastasis. The analysis was done using binary and ordinal logistic regression models. There were 893 breast cancer patients included in a 3 year follow up study. During the study period 129 (14.45%) were reported as metastasis cases, which the highest number of metastasis patients was found in bone (47.3%). The prognostic variables related to the distant metastasis breast cancer using binary logistic regression model were found among vascular invasion (OR=8.8), histologic grade III (OR=2.9), lymphatic invasion (OR=2.4), estrogen receptor (OR=2.2), progesterone receptor (OR=2.0), p53 (OR=1.8), tumor size (OR=1.2), radiation therapy (OR=0.5) and hormonal therapy (OR=0.4). Patients in which metastasis occurred within the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years after initial diagnosis were 75, 28 and 26 cases respectively. Using an ordinal logistic regression model, the prognostic factors included vascular invasion (OR=5.6), estrogen receptor (OR=2.3), lymphatic invasion (OR=2.3), histologic grade III (OR=1.9), p53 (OR=2.0), tumor size (OR=1.2), radiation therapy (OR=0.6) and hormonal therapy (OR=0.5). The prognostic factor of vascular invasion showed the highest OR in this study. Another group of variables with moderate OR were estrogen receptor, lymphatic invasion, histologic grade III, p53 and tumor size. The adjuvant therapies were protective factors (OR \< 1). A follow up system for those at risk for metastasis is suggested.
ABSTRACT
This research was designed to study the efficiency of non-carbonated soft drink color removal by using granular activated carbon (GAC) for coliform bacteria detection by SI medium. The conditions established in the study were to use 6 color tones of non-carbonated soft drinks (red, green, purple, blue, orange and yellow) which were removed by using 3 GAC amounts (100, 200, 300 mg per soft drink 1 mL) at two contact times of color removal, 30 and 60 minutes. The results showed that a higher amount of GAC and the increasing of contact time significantly increased color removal efficiency at p-value \< 0.05, and that, also, the different color tones of soft drinks significantly affected different color removal efficiencies at p-value \< 0.05. The highest color removal efficiency derived from using 300 mg/mL of GAC amount at 60 minutes, but was not the best suitable for every color tone. The best suitable condition of each color tone was selected from the lowest GAC amount and the shortest contact time for the color removal as well as affected the color of SI medium, which was changed to yellow color for a positive result, but was still purple color for a negative result within 24 hours. Using 200 mg/mL of GAC amount at 30 minutes was the best suitable condition for red-green-purple-orange color tones, using 300 mg/mL of GAC amount at 30 minutes was the best suitable condition for yellow color-tone, and using 300 mg/mL of GAC amount at 60 minutes was the best suitable condition for blue color-tone. The validity of coliform bacteria detection by SI medium for these removed-color soft drinks when compared with the standard MPN method were sensitivity value, specificity value and efficiency of test of more than 80%. Thus, GAC can be used to efficiently remove the colors of soft drinks for coliform bacteria detection by SI medium.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Factors Associaed with Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Supatra Chaikaew BNS, MSc (Public Health)* Natchaporn Pichainarong DrPH (Epidemiology)** Wisit Chaveepojnkamjorn DVM, MPH** Piangchan Rojanavipart MHS (Biostatistics)*** Petch Rawdaree MD,MSc (Epidemiology)**** * Amnatchareon Hospital ** Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University *** Department of Biostatistic, Biostatic, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University **** Department of Medicine, BMA Medical college and Vajira HospItal Objective: To determine factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Study design: Hospital based case-control study. Setting: Diabetes Clinic, BMA Medical college and Vajira Hospital from May 2003 to September 2003. Subjects: Two hundred and sixty type 2 diabetes mellitus. One hundred and thirty patients with diabetic retinopathy were case and 130 patients without diabetic retinopathy were control. Methods: Data were collected from medical record and interview questionnaire. It is divided into 3 sections: Information from interview; part 1 general information including demography and socio-economy, part 2 illness factors, part 3 laboratory data which was obtained from medical record. The obtained data were analyzed by statistical program. Main outcome measures: Odds ratio and 95% CI of odds ratio of hyperglycemia, hypertension, type of therapy, smoking, (Body mass index : BMI), age at onset, alcohol consumption, dyslipidemia and duration of diabetes. Results: There were only five variable that were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy. After adjusting the effect of each variables, the magnitude of association between each variables and diabetic retinopathy were fasting plasma glucose (FPG) between 161-180 mg/dl and \>180 mg/dl (OR=3.82, 95% CI 1.02-14.24 and OR=5.98, 95% CI 1.66-21.56), HbA1c \>9%(OR=4.09, 95% CI 1.69-9.92), hypertension (OR=5.00, 95% CI 2.64-9.46), systolic blood pressure between 140-159 mmHg and 160 mmHg (OR=3.22, 95% CI 1.50-6.88 and OR=9.98, 95% CI 1.38-58.41) and BMI between 23-24.9, 25-29 and 30 kg/m (OR=0.20, 95% CI 0.08-0.49, OR=0.36, 95% CI 0.16-0.83 and OR=0.10, 95% CI 0.03-0.32) respectively. Other variables consisted of diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride, type of therapy, age at onset duration of diabetes, smoking and alcohol consumption did not show significant association with diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: The factors found to be significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy were FPG, HbA1c, BMI, hypertension and systolic blood pressure. Key words: Type 2 diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, risk factors Vajira Med J 2004 ; 48 : 97 - 106