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Objective To investigate the prevalent situations of norovirus infection and genotype distributions in 2014 in Suzhou area .Methods A total of 322 fecal specimens were collected from infants with suspected viral diarrhea at Children′s Hospital of Soochow University in 2014 .Norovirus genogroupⅠ and Ⅱ was detected by reverse transcription (RT )‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ,In an effort to identify norovirus genotypes , RNA dependent RNA polymerase region (region A ) and capsid region (region C) segment of some samples positive for norovirus was amplified by RT‐PCR .Comprehensive molecular characteristics of norovirus were obtained by sequence analysis of the same samples in different regions .Results Among 322 fecal specimens ,67 cases were positive for norovirus of G Ⅱ group ,and norovirus of GⅠ group was not found .The genetic fragments of region A was successfully detected in 42 strains .Among all 42 specimens ,there were 35 GⅡ .e strains ,3 GⅡ .7 strains ,2 GⅡ .17 strains and 2 GⅡ .12 strains .The genetic fragments of region C was successfully detected in 53 strains .Among these 53 specimens ,there were 44 GⅡ .4‐2012Sydney strains ,4 GⅡ .6 strains ,2 GⅡ .17 strains ,2 GⅡ .3 strains and 1 GⅡ .2 strain .Conclusions It′s indicated that G Ⅱ .4‐2012Sydney is the main genotype of norovirus causing viral diarrhea in Suzhou ,and other genotypes including the new GⅡ .17 variant ,GⅡ . 7/GⅡ .6 and GⅡ .12/GⅡ .3 recombinant strains also exist .
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Prenatal lead exposure could not only affect various organ systems of the mother, but also provide a plumbeous environment for the fetus and newborns, and may affect the fetus in a number of detrimental ways. The aim of this study was to adequately determine the interaction between these factors and risky behaviors such as smoking. Data from Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital survey during the years of 2006-2011 were used [n = 4400] to evaluate the effections of age, parity, body mass index [BMI], race/ethnicity, pregnancy, iron [Fe] storage status and smoking status on the consumption of the levels of blood cadmium [Cd] and lead [Pb] of females aged 16-35 yr old. The blood samples were sent to determine blood lead / cadmium concentration by the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry [ICP-MS]. STATA 12.1 software [www.stata.com] was used to fit regression models for each of the two metals. For both of the two metals, age was positively while BMI was negatively associated with the levels of these metals in blood. Smokers showed statistically significantly higher levels of Cd and Pb [P=0.007], while irrespective of race/ethnicity and Fe storage status as compared to nonsmokers. Novel to this study, pregnancy was found to be associated with significantly lower levels of Cd and Pb, while irrespective of race/ethnicity and Fe storage status as compared to non-pregnant females. It is conceivable that pregnancy could thus accelerate clearance of these metals in the blood
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0.05);(2) Comparing with the control group,GDM group had higher levels of FPG,FINS,and HOMA-IR(P