ABSTRACT
Urinary Tract Infection is an infection localized in the urinary tract. Acute community acquired UTI are very common. UTI is also the most common cause of nosocomial infections. The present study is therefore being undertaken to evaluate the bacteriological profile of urinary tract infections using cultural analysis with antimicrobial susceptibility testing and to determine the age-gender distribution, socio-demographic variables and risk factors predisposing the patients to UTI. Methods: The study was undertaken in the Department of Microbiology, Goa Medical College on 200 urine samples that were collected randomly from patients, attending the Out Patient Department. Urine samples were collected from patients with a provisional diagnosis of urinary tract infections, based on clinical history alone. The patient was asked a detailed personal history. Further each sample was processed with Semi quantitative culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Risk factors were evaluated from the study. Results: 200 samples processed by semi-quantitative loop method, out of which significant bacteriuria was observed in 62% cases. Cases belonging to the age group 21-30 years and females were significantly more affected; Majority of the subjects were married (85%), Housewives (47.5%) and belonging to lower socioeconomic status (51.5%). Pregnancy, as a risk factor predisposing to UTI was seen in a large number of subjects (62%). In the study isolation of gram negative bacilli were to the tune of 79.1% ;majority being Escherichia coli (34.3%). while Gram positive cocci were 20.9% commonest being group D streptococcus (20.9%). Conclusion: The above study evaluated that majority of subjects susceptible are married females belonging to lower class. Pregnancy and Diabetes mellitus are the commonest predisposing factors. Culture analysis by semi-quantitative loop method showed Significant bacteriuria in 62% cases. Commonest etiological bacterial pathogen was Escherichia coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Group D Streptococcus.
ABSTRACT
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD), caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. In this study done in a Tertiary Care Centre, seroprevalence and rising or falling trend of syphilis in different groups among patients was analyzed. Aims: To study trend of seroprevalence of syphilis in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A retrospective study was carried over a period of 3 alternate years from 1st May 2012 to 30th April 2013, 1st May 2014 to 30th April 2015 and 1st May 2016 to 30th April 2017. Seroprevalence of syphilis in different patient groups was analyzed by Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Treponema Pallidum Hemagglutination Assay (TPHA). A Rising or falling trend of syphilis seroprevalence was also analyzed. Results: Among the 17941 serum samples tested, 504 (2.80%) were found reactive by VDRL test. A total of 1244 were tested by both quantitative VDRL test & TPHA assay. A falling trend of seroprevalence was observed from 1.04% in May 2012-April 2013 to 0.58% in May16-April17. A falling trend was observed in STD clinic attendees from 7.9% in May 2012-April 2013 to 6.12% in May 2016-April 2017. A seroprevalence of 61.72% was observed in males compared to 38.27% in females. Conclusion: A decreasing trend of syphilis was observed over a study period among antenatal women, STD clinic attendees & HIV-seropositive individuals. These findings could be interpreted as indicators of sustained efforts for case detection, treatment and improved programme for prevention & management of STD’s.
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Background: Drug resistant tuberculosis has frequently been encountered in India. The prevalence of extrapulmonary multi drug resistant tuberculosis in this country is found to be 3% in new cases and 12-17% in treated cases, which needs to be evaluated. Settings and Design: A retrospective analysis of processed extrapulmonary tubercular samples in Intermediate Reference Laboratory of Department of Microbiology, Goa Medical College, was carried out over a period of one year, from November 2013 to October 2014. Methods: Lowenstein Jensen Media was used for culture processing of 202 samples from clinically suspected cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Drug susceptibility testing was done on the isolated strains using the economic variant of proportion method. Results: Out of 202 samples, 30 (14.85%) were observed to be culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis of which six (21.43%) were found to be resistant to both Isoniazid and Rifampicin. Conclusion: With the advent of immunocompromised states, one has to be aware of multi drug resistant extra-pulmonary tuberculosis as a double edged sword. The early detection in such cases is a need of the hour to initiate prompt treatment.
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Objetivo: Analisar os procedimentos de ensino citados pelos professores nos planos de ensino. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo documental cujos dados foram coletados de abril a maio de 2015. Foram analisados 30 planos representando 53,6% das disciplinas obrigatórias, cuja seleção se deu por meio de sorteio. Os procedimentos de ensino foram agrupados em individuais e interativos, de acordo com a literatura da área de didática. Resultados: Verificou-se que em 24 planos (80,0%) foram citados procedimentos de ensino individuais e interativos, destacando-se a aula expositiva com 96,7% e a discussão (53,3%), respectivamente. Observa-se uma pequena diversificação de procedimentos de ensino com uma concentração em procedimentos tradicionalmente já adotados no ensino superior. Conclusão: A pouca diversidade das metodologias encontradas pode significar dificuldades dos professores no conhecimento das dinâmicas de diferentes estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem. Os resultados apontam que o planejamento didático deve se configurar como uma atividade permanente, pois implica em ação refletida do professor, de reelaboração de sua prática educativa. Descritores: Ensino. Odontologia. Currículo. Metodologia.
Subject(s)
Curriculum , Teaching , Dentistry , Methodology as a SubjectABSTRACT
Background: Extremely poor people have more problems to have access to social networks and health care. Aim: To evaluate the access to health services and the perception about these services of adults living in conditions of extreme poverty. Material and methods: A survey was applied to 361 people living in slums aged 15 to 77 years (83 percent females), that were living in these conditions for a mean of 11 years. Twenty six in-depth interviews were also performed to prototypical subjects living in extreme poverty. Results: Ten percent of subjects were illiterate. Sixty two percent were unsatisfied with their access to health services and 32 percent were not registered in primary health clinics. Among children of less than 6 years of age, 22 percent were delayed in their vaccination schedule and 32 percent were not withdrawing the milk delivered by the complementary feeding program of the clinic. The qualitative analysis revealed that the lack of access to health care is associated with the feeling of exclusion, mutual distrust and lack of resolution of health problems. Conclusions: People living in extreme poverty are distrustful and perceive obstacles to have access to the health care system.