ABSTRACT
Vascular variations regarding the hepatic veins are well explored in the literature. Many of these variations possess clinical and surgical relevance due to the fact that liver transplants, hepatectomies, and tumors resection of the liver are still a challenge to medical professionals. Furthermore, a great number of diseases affect the vascular dynamic of such organ. During regular dissection of a male cadaver fixed with a 10% formalin solution, we found a rareanatomical variation wherethree veins emerged from the parenchyma of the visceral side of the fifth portal hepatic lobe and drained into the inferior vena cava above the renal vein confluence. We report this rare vascular anomaly and assess its clinical and surgical significance
ABSTRACT
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors are overexpressed in most neoplastic cell lines and provide a mechanism for the internalization and concentration of drug-laden nanoemulsions that bind to these receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the administration of standard chemotherapeutic schemes can alter the expression of LDL and LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) receptors in breast carcinoma. Fragments of tumoral and normal breast tissue from 16 consecutive volunteer women with breast cancer in stage II or III were obtained from biopsies before the beginning of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and after chemotherapy, from fragments excised during mastectomy. Tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for both receptors. Because complete response to treatment was achieved in 4 patients, only the tumors from 12 were analyzed. Before chemotherapy, there was overexpression of LDL receptor in the tumoral tissue compared to normal breast tissue in 8 of these patients. LRP-1 receptor overexpression was observed in tumors of 4 patients. After chemotherapy, expression of both receptors decreased in the tumors of 6 patients, increased in 4 and was unchanged in 2. Nonetheless, even when chemotherapy reduced receptors expression, the expression was still above normal. The fact that chemotherapy does not impair LDL receptors expression supports the use of drug carrier systems that target neoplastic cells by the LDL receptor endocytic pathway in patients on conventional chemotherapy.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Carcinoma/drug therapy , Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1/metabolism , Neoadjuvant Therapy/methods , Receptors, LDL/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Carcinoma/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Emulsions , Immunohistochemistry , Neoplasm Staging , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
The germination response of Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez seeds to light, temperature, water level and pulp presence is introduced. The laboratory assays were carried out in germination chambers and thermal-gradient apparatus, whereas the field assays were performed in environments with distinct light, temperature and soil moisture conditions within a permanent parcel of Restinga forest of the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, São Paulo. The seeds do not exhibit dormancy, they are non photoblastic, and a loss of viability in dry stored seeds can be related to a decrease in water content of the seed. The presence of the pulp and the flooded substratum influenced negatively the germination of O. pulchella seeds tested in the laboratory. Otherwise, light and temperature probably are not limiting factors of the germination of O. pulchella seeds in the natural environment of Restinga. The optimum temperature range for germination of Ocotea pulchella seeds was 20 to 32 ºC, the minimum or base temperature estimated was 11 ºC and the maximum ranged between 33 and 42 ºC. The isotherms exhibited a sigmoidal pattern well described by the Weibull model in the sub-optimal temperature range. The germinability of O. pulchella seeds in the understorey, both in wet and dry soil, was higher than in gaps. Germination was not affected by fluctuations in soil moisture content in the understorey environment, whereas in gaps, germination was higher in wet soils. Thus, the germination of this species involves the interaction of two or more factors and it cannot be explained by a single factor.
É apresentada a germinação de sementes de Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez em resposta a: luz, temperatura, nível de água e presença de polpa. Os ensaios de laboratório foram realizados em câmaras de germinação e em equipamento de gradiente térmico, e os de campo, em ambientes com diferentes condições de luz, temperatura e umidade no solo, em uma parcela permanente em floresta de Restinga no Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, São Paulo. As sementes de Ocotea pulchella não possuem dormência, são afotoblásticas, e a perda de viabilidade de sementes armazenadas a seco pode estar relacionada a um decréscimo no seu conteúdo de água. A presença da polpa e o substrato alagado afetaram negativamente a germinação de O. pulchella em laboratório. Luz e temperatura não são provavelmente fatores limitantes da germinação de sementes de O. pulchella no ambiente natural da Restinga. A faixa térmica ótima de germinação foi de 20 a 32 ºC; a temperatura mínima ou base foi estimada em 11 ºC; e a temperatura máxima variou de 33 a 42 ºC. As isotermas na faixa térmica infraótima exibem padrão sigmoidal e foram bem descritas pelo modelo de Weibull. A germinabilidade no sub-bosque, tanto em solo com maior umidade como em solo mais seco, foi maior do que em clareira. No sub-bosque não houve diferença na germinação em relação a variações na umidade do solo, ao passo que em clareiras a germinabilidade foi maior em solo mais úmido. Assim, a germinação dessa espécie deve ser função da interação de fatores, não podendo ser explicada apenas por um único fator.
Subject(s)
Germination/physiology , Ocotea/growth & development , Brazil , Desert Climate , Humidity , Laboratories , Light , Ocotea/physiology , Seasons , Temperature , WaterABSTRACT
Os autores apresentam uma analise dos resultados pos-operatorios de 50 pes operados de hallux valgus com media de 36 meses de seguimento. Usou-se em todos os casos uma tecnica de osteotomia distal do primeiro metatarsiano segundo Hohmann na modificacao de Henning, que acrescentou a fixacao da osteotomia com fio de Kirschner percutaneo. Compararam-se as variacoes pre e pos-operatorias dos angulos intermetatarsico e de valgismo do hallux, da protrusao relativa do primeiro metatarsiano, bem como o grau de deslocamento da cabeca do primeiro metatarsiano e sua angulacao nos planos frontal e sagital. Conclui-se que, com avalicao criteriosa pre-operatoria de cada pe, com aplicacao precisa da tecnica e tratamento pos-operatorio adequado, chega-se a uma percentagem de bons resultados equivalente a melhor estatistica encontrada na literatura, apesar de os criterios de avaliacao deste trabalho terem sido mais rigidos