ABSTRACT
Background: Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age across the world. The present study was designed to clinically evaluate the children of age 1 month to 1 year with pneumonia, correlate it with bacteriological, radiological findings and to study the risk factors.Methods: Clinical, bacteriological, radiological features and risk factors of community acquired pneumonia in children of age group 1 month to 1 year were noted and analysed.Results: As per WHO ARI control programme, 72% had pneumonia, 25.3 % had severe pneumonia and 2.6% had very severe pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia was detected radiologically in 4.6% and viral pneumonia in 88.6% of cases. Chest X-ray was normal in 6.6% of cases. Tachypnoea, chest retractions, crepitations alone and crepitations with rhonchi correlated well with positive radiological findings. Inappropriate immunization for age, lack of breast feeding, preterm birth, smoking in family were significant risk factors for severe Pneumonia. 39.3% had leucocytosis and 24% had positive CRP. Culture was positive in 23 cases (15.3% culture positivity).Conclusions: Radiologically confirmed Pneumonia should be treated with antibiotics because, in clinical practice, it is virtually impossible to distinguish exclusively between viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia. As the viruses are most common causative agents of Pneumonia in 1 month to 1 year, PCR kits should be used to identify viral etiological agents. Early and exclusive breast feeding should be promoted to decrease the risk of pneumonia.
ABSTRACT
Background: The burden of IUGR is concentrated mainly in Asia with the proportion of IUGR 54% in India. Higher rates of IUGR should be a cause of concern because they signal high risk of malnutrition, morbidity and mortality for the new born. This study was done to see the factors affecting catchup growth (CUG) of IUGR babies during first year.Methods: The study was done in 120 SGA babies for a period of 18 months from October 2013 to March 2015. Antenatal, postnatal factors and anthropometry at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12 months were noted and analysed.Results: 78.3% babies showed CUG with in the first year. Preterm IUGR infants showed better CUG than full term. Asymmetric IUGR infants showed better CUG than symmetric. Teenage pregnancy, hypertensive disorders, multiple pregnancies, cardiac disease, anemia, type of IUGR, NICU stay, type of feeding, socioeconomic status, mother age, mother height, mother hemoglobin, gestational age, multiple gestation, birth weight, birth length, head circumference at birth all influenced CUG.Conclusions: Teenage pregnancies should be avoided. In SGA babies of pregnancy induced hypertension and preeclampsia, failure in CUG occurred more, these babies need to be followed in high risk clinics. SGA infants of mothers with low haemoglobin failed to show CUG, so antenatal nutrition improvement of mother should be done. Breastfed babies had higher CUG rates than formula fed babies, so exclusive breastfeeding should be promoted.