ABSTRACT
Background: This study was carried out to evaluate cases of unhealthy cervix by using Pap (Papanicolaou) smear, colposcopy and cervical biopsy and to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. It correlated the findings of Pap smear, colposcopy and histopathology. It is important to strictly implement the screening program and spread awareness of the disease symptoms and its management to reduce the overall incidence of morbidity and mortality reported due to cervical cancer.Methods: A total 120 patients satisfying the inclusion/exclusion criteria were recruited for the study and informed consent was taken from all the participants. Pap smear was taken for all the cases. Then cases were subjected to colposcopy followed by biopsy. All the findings were correlated and analyzed. The findings of Pap smear and colposcopy were correlated with the gold standard of histopathology.Results: The sensitivity and specificity of Pap smear and colposcopy with respect to cervical biopsy were 53.1% and 98.7%, 87.87% and 72.72% respectively. Colposcopy had higher sensitivity and lower specificity than Pap smear for screening of cancer cervix.Conclusions: Cervical cancer is one of the preventable and highly curable conditions when diagnosed in the precancerous stage. The incidence of deaths resulting from cervical cancer can be brought down with adequate cervical cancer screening. Colposcopy and colposcopy directed biopsy should be done along with Pap smear in screening for early detection of cervical cancer since the accuracy of detection of cervical abnormalities is higher when these two methods are used complementarily.
ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes mellitus is the commonest medical problem complicating pregnancy, with possibility of grave consequences. With the present study, incidence, management and perinatal outcomes in the cases of GDM were studied.Methods: All the pregnant patients attending antenatal clinic at the study centre during study period of three years were studied. Those with positive history were screened for GDM as early as possible and rest screened at 24-28 weeks gestation. Carpenter and Coustan criteria were used for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. All the diagnosed cases of gestational diabetes mellitus were followed up throughout the course of gestation and complications, if any, recorded.Results: A total of 39 patients were diagnosed as GDM. Majority were multigravida (69.3%, 27) and weighed over 75 kg (56%, 22). Patients were mostly diagnosed at the gestational age of 31-35 weeks (n-15) and 21-25 weeks (n-11). Fifteen patients (38.4%) had HbA1c values between 6-7%, 14 patients (35.8%) between 7-8% and 3 patients had HBA1c levels more than 10%. Twenty-three percent (9) patients had PIH, 13% (5) polyhydramnios and 7.6% (3) had PROM. Three mothers had babies suffering from IUGR. Sixteen (41%) had full term normal delivery while 2 (5.1%) patients had preterm labor and delivered normally. Twenty-one mothers (53.84%) had LSCS, out of which 3 had preterm LSCS.Conclusions: Diabetes during pregnancy is associated with risk factors as well as high maternal and foetal morbidity. GDM has good maternal and foetal outcomes depending upon how well the blood sugar levels are controlled.
ABSTRACT
Background: The Umbilical cord is the fetal lifeline and it is a structure that connects the foetus to the placenta.Placenta and umbilical cord acts as a mirror which reflects intrauterine status of foetus. The length of theumbilical cord varies from achordia to 300 cm. This study aims to identify the relationship between the umbilicalcord length and birth weight and other parameter such as maternal age, gestational age and gender. More recentresearch suggests that the length of the cord at birth is influenced by intrauterine fetal activity & thereforecorrelate with fetal well being.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Anatomy department in collaboration withgynecology department of our hospital on 100 freshly delivered samples of placenta with cord which are obtainedfrom labour room of our Government Hospital.Conclusion: The range of cord length was 28- 106 cm .However maximum were between 40cm to 60 cm in length.The mean length was 53.18 cm. Cord length varies with birth weight and conclude that as cord length showspositive correlation with birth weight (r=0.40).